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EXCHANGE
REPORT
ON THE
SCIENTIFIC RESULTS
OF THE
VOYAGE OF S.Y. 'SCOTIA
-COTTISH NATIONAL ANTA1KTIC K I'KIHTioV
REPORT
ON THK
SCIENTIFIC RESULTS
OF THK
VOYAGE OF S.Y. "SCOTIA"
DURING THE YEARS 1902, 1903, AND 1904,
UNDER THE LEADERSHIP OP
WILLIAM S. BRUCE,
I.L.D., H.R.S.K.
Volume ///.—BOTANY.
FARTS I.-XI.— By R. N. RUDMOSE BROWN, D.Sc. ; C. H. WRIGHT, A.L.8. ;
O. V. DARBISHIRK, B.A., Ph.D.; JDLES CARDOT; A. GEPP, M.A. ;
E. S. GBPP; E. M. HOLMES, F.L.S.; M. FOSLIE ; F. E. FRITSCH,
D.Sc., Ph.D. ; J. H. HARVEY PIRIE, B.Sc., M.D., F.RC.P.Ed.
Twelve Plate* and a Chart.
• • • - . .
••.-.•••.•.. :-.:-:: 55
EDINBURGH:
Scotttsf) ®ceanograpt)tcal fiaboraton.).
•OLD AT
THE SCOTTISH OCEAXOGRAPHIOAL LABORATORY;
OLIVER ft BOYD, EDINBURGH AHD LONDON ;
JAMES MACLEHO8E ft SONS, 61 ST IM'EKT STREET, GLASGOW.
1912.
Price Twenty-lli ret ShiUinyt and fOxpftue in Cloth
EDITORIAL NOPE.
THK author of Mora Antarctica and the pioneer of botanical research in the Antarctic
regions has passed away just as this volume was going to press. Our desire, therefore,
to dedicate it to him can no longer be fulfilled, nor can we look forward, as we had
hoped to do, to his friendly criticism of our efforts in this branch of our researches in
high southern latitudes.
To Dr R. N. Rudmosc Brown have fallen practically all the editorial duties, while
little more than publisher's duties, made light by Dr Brown's excellent editing, has
fallen upon me. Dr Brown is also the author of Part I., "The Problems of Antarctic
Plant Life." He is, with Dr Darbishire, joint author of Part II., "The Botany
of the South Orkneys"; and with Dr Darbishin- and Mr 0. II. Wright, author of
I'art III., "The Botany of Gough Island." Part IV., "Contributions towards the
Botany of Ascension," we also owe to him. It has been an exceptional chance that
three of us who worked together in the field have been able to co-operate in the pro-
duction of this Report— Dr J. H. Harvey Pirie, who was bacteriologist to the Scot in,
contributing Part X., " Antarctic Bacteriology."
My cordial thanks are due not only to Dr Rudmose Brown and Dr Harvey Pirie,
but also to Dr O. V. Darbishire, Mr C. H. Wright, M. Jules Cardot, Mr ami
Mrs Gepp, Mr E. M. Holmes, the late Mr M. Foslie, and Dr F. E. Fritsch. All
these have made important and valuable additions to the late Sir Joseph Hooker's
/ •/•ifgo Alvarez orGougli Island. From neither
of these islands ha<l \«- any botanical knowledge before the visit of the Scotia.
The South Orkneys were visited twice during the summer, in February 1903 and
February 1904, and at Scotia Bay in Laurie Island the Scotia spent the winter of 1903.
Numerous opportunities thus presented themselves for making collections of the scanty
flora of Laurie Island.
On Gough Island the naturalists of the .s'« -tir W. S. Bruce, whenever an occasion for botanical work presented itself. I would take
this opportunity of recording my thanks to him and to my colleagues of the Scottish
National Antarctic Expedition for the generous assistance they gave me in furthering
and in sharing my work on the expedition.
Accounts of the greater part of the botanical collections of the Scottish National
Antarctic Expedition have appeared at various times in different botanical publications.
From these publications they are reprinted, in many cases with additions and altera-
viii BOTANICAL RESULTS OF THE SCOTTISH NATIONAL ANTARCTIC EXPEDITION.
tions, in the present volume. The following is a complete list of the original papers
and their place of publication : —
BROWN, R. N. RUDMOSE, "The Botany of Gough Island: I., Phanerogams and Ferns," Journ. Linn. Soc.
Lond., Bot., xxxvii. pp. 238-250. Plates.
"The Botany of the South Orkneys : I.," Trans, and Proc. Bot. Soc. Edin., xxiii., part i. pp. 105-110.
- " Contributions towards the Botany of Ascension," Trans, and Proc. Bot. Soc. Edin., xxiii. pp. 199-204.
CARDOT, JULES, " Les Mousses de 1' Expedition nationale antarctique e'cossaise," Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin.,
xlviii. pp. 67-82. Plates.
DARDISHIRE, 0. V., "The Botany of Gougli Island: II. Lichens," Journ. Linn. Soc. Land., Bot., xxxvii.
pp. 266-267.
" The Lichens of the South Orkneys," Trans, and Proc. Bot. Soc. Edin., xxiii., part i. pp. 108-1 10. Plate.
FOSLIB, M., "Calcareous Algae," Kongl. Norslce Vidensk. Selsk., Trondhjem (1904), p. 3.
FRITSCH, F. E., "Freshwater Algae collected in the South Orkneys," Journ. Linn. Soc. Land., Sot., xl.
pp. 293-338.
GBPP, A. and E. S., "Antarctic Algse," Joum. Bot., April 1905 and May 1905. Plate.
" More Antarctic Algae," loc. cit., July 1905. Plate.
" Atlantic Algae of the Scotia," loc. cit., April 1905.
HOLMKS, E. M., "Some South Orkney Algae," Journ. Bot., July 1905.
WRIGHT, C. H., "The Botany of Gougli Island: II. Mosses and Hepatics and Fungi," Journ. Linn. Soc.
Lond., Bot., xxxvii. pp. 264, 2G5.
"The Mosses of the South Orkneys," Trans, and Proc. Bot. Soc. Edin., xxiii., part i.
(Note. — The two papers by Mr Wright on the mosses are not republished in the
present volume, since Monsieur Cardot has redetermined the mosses of the Scotia, and
has entirely superseded previous papers on the subject.)
I have taken advantage of the occasion of the republication of these papers to ask
the various authors to bring them up to date in the light of the most recent research,
and I have added a general discussion of the problems of Antarctic botany.
My thanks are due for valuable assistance to the following who have collaborated
with me in the work of describing the Scotia botanical collections : — Monsieur Jules
Cardot, Dr 0. V. Darbishire, the late Mr M. Foslie, Professor F. E. Fritsch, Mr A. and
Mrs E. S. Gepp, Mr E. M. Holmes, and Mr C. H. Wright. I would also record
my thanks to Sir W. T. Thiselton-Dyer, K.C.M.G., late Director of the Royal Botanic
Gardens, Kew, for permission to make use of the Kew Herbarium ; to Mr W. B.
Hemsley, F.R.S., and Professor J. W. H. Trail, F.R.S., for advice on certain points;
and to the Societies in whose publications certain of these papers originally appeared,
for permission to reprint.
It had been intended to dedicate this volume on Antarctic botany to Sir Joseph
Dalton Hooker, the earliest pioneer of botanical investigation in South Polar lands and
seas. His death on December 10, 1911, has prevented this; so all that can be done
is to offer these papers as some slight tribute to the memory of that great man.
R. N. RUDMOSE BROWN.
EDINBURGH, March 1912.
CONTENTS.
r*oi
I TIIF. I'KOBLEMS OF ANTARCTIC PLANT LIKK. IU It N. Krumw* BROWN,
D.Sc., Univenity of Sheffield. (With a Chart) 3
II. THK BoT AM OK THK sol Ml o|;KNF.YS. H K. N. KUI.M.-K Knows, 1>
Univi-rmty »f Sheffield, and O. V. I IAHIUMIIRK, R.A., I'li.D., Uuiveraity of Bristol. 23
\,th« Pitt*) . ... . .
III. THE BOTANY OF <;oli,|| ISLAND. By H. N. KI-I.M.^K BR..WS, D.Sc., University
f Sheffield ; «. H \I.I..MI. A L.S.. Koy«l Botanic CUrtlens, Kow ; and O. V.
DAJUIUIBIRK, B.A., Pli.D., I'liirrraity of Briitol. (With Four Platoa) . . 33
IV CONTKIia'TIoNS TOWARDS THE BOTANY OF ASCENSION. Hy R. N.
RiHiuoei BHOWX, I >.Sc., Unireraity of Sheffield . 47
V. LES MOUSSES DK I. KXI'KI'ITIoN NATIONALS ANTARCTIQUE ECOSSAISK.
By Juuw CARIM>T, ClmrleTille. (With Three Plates) ... 55
VI. MAKIXK Al.i;.l. OF THK SCOTTISH NATIONAL ANTAKCTIC EXPEDITION.
By A. GBPI>, M A., British Museum, and Mrs E. S. OBPP. (With Two Plate*) 73
VII -"ITU ORKNEY ALGA By E. M. HOLMB, F.L8. 87
VIII. CALCAREOUS ALG.K. By M. FCMLIK, Trondhjem Museum . 91
IX FRESHWATER ALO^: OF THK SOUTH ORKNKYS. By F. E. FRITUCH,
D.Sc , Ph.D., East London College, University of London. (With Two Plates) 96
X NOTF.S ON ANTARCTIC BACTERIOLOGY. By J. H. HARVEY PIRIB, B.Sc., M.D.,
F.R.C.P.Ed. 137
XI BIBLIOGRAPHY OF ANTARCTIC BOTANY 151
IX
I. -THE PROBLEMS OF ANTARCTIC PLANT LIFE.
YOU III.
I. -THE PROBLEMS OF ANTARCTIC PLANT LIFE.1
I. R. N. RUKMOSK BROWN, D.Sc., University of Sheffield.
(HV//» ft CJtart.)
THE general belief lu'ltl until quite recent years that the Antarctic regions were almost
destitute of botanical interest and the last place on the earth's surface where plants
could !'lil I M- i >F ANTAKCTIC PLANT I. Ill 5
almnd.int in tin- >outh. and winter temp, ratines, at least in the outermost south
polar nonius, ne^leeting for the moment comparative latitudes, are not more m
than in the nitrth.
Tin- real explanation is prliul>ly to be found in the short and inadequate Antarctic
Mimmer, with its remarkably low temperatures. Thus, for example, at the South
Orkneys, in 60° 44' S., the mean f the summer months (I>eeeml>er, January, and
February) is liarely -'J- F., and in no month does the mean rise to 33° F., while the
ni--aii of the warmest day in 1903-04 was only 377° K. ; at Snow Hill Island, Louis
Philippe Laud (64* 24' S.), the mean of the warmest month (January) was found to
be only 30'38e R, while at Cape Adare, Victoria Land, in 71" 18' S., the summer
mean is 30 '4° F.
At 77° 50' S., 166° 44' E., in MoMurdo Sound, the Discovei-y found that the mean
summer temperature was 2P4° F., and the mean of the warmest month, December,
• , 1 1 .; r.
These temperatures may be compared with those of the Arctic regions. Thus at
Spit.-liergen (79° 53' N.) the mean temperature of July (the corresponding month to
January in the south) is as high as 41 '5° F., while in Franz Josef Land, in over 80° N.,
it is not lower than 35'G° F. in the same month. The mean of the Spitsbergen summer
(June, July, and August) is 37'1°, contrasted with the corresponding mean given above
iic South Orkneys, scarcely 32° F. Examples could thus be multiplied, but all
would lirinjr out the same important point — that while the Arctic summer mean is well
above 32" F., the Antarctic summer mean is practically always lielow. This remarkably
cold Antarctic summer acts in two ways upon plant life : firstly, the winter snow lies
late on the ground — all the later as the summer is a cloudy and somewhat sunless
period, and December is well advanced before the majority of available sites are laid
bare, while m February the winter again begins1; secondly, and this is the chief reason,
it is doubtful if a flowering plant could obtain the requisite amount of heat needed for
its various life functions even to reach the flowering stage, while the maturation of its
fruit would be next to impossible. In fact, one could with much truth say that the
Antarctic summer is but an astronomical conception : those who have experienced it
know well how little reality it has. Doubtless, then, in this want of a season of
growth lies a quite adequate explanation of the poverty of the south polar vegetation,
but I think that there is also another adverse influence at work. Even supposing that
a species did obtain a footing on Antarctica, as is not impossible in the lands nearest
Fuegia, considering the narrowness of Drake Strait, its continued existence would be at
once menaced by the presence of the myriads of penguins which occupy almost ev. \
bare spot of ground during the nesting and breeding season. There is no parallel in
the north t-i these penguins and the power they would have in destroying any vegetable
1 Contrast thU with tin- north, where, for example, at the northern part of the east court, of Greenland, the land
is clear of now from May or early June until September, date* which would corroipond in the tooth to
; nber to March.
6 BOTANICAL RESULTS OF THE SCOTTISH NATIONAL ANTARCTIC EXPEDITION.
life. Almost every spot where a plant might obtain a hold is covered with these birds
in the proportion of at least one to a square yard, and nothing escapes their insatiable
curiosity or fails to be examined with their beaks, while in a few weeks' time such a
rookery is in an indescribable state of filth, being entirely covered with several inches
of mud and manure through which the penguins are incessantly tramping hither and
thither ; circumstances which would render plant life quite out of the question. It is
true that here and there one finds a small expanse — even as much as an acre I have
once seen — of moss-covered rocks which by successive years' growth are covered with
6 to 8 inches of vegetable soil, but these are spots much less accessible from the
sea, and are very seldom suitable for rookeries — which is, of course, the sole condition
under which this continuous growth of moss from year to year could continue. In
such spots one might look, though in vain, for flowering plants, and perhaps in con-
sequence conclude that the influence of the penguins, though potentially inimical to
vegetable life, has never cause to operate, at least against flowering plants. But it must
be noted that these moss formations, though in many respects suitable for phanerogamic
plant life, are yet always very late in losing their winter snow, and generally lie in
sheltered places where wind-carried seeds would be little likely to arrive. That seeds of
Fuegian species of phanerogams occasionally reach Graham Land and the adjacent South
Shetland and South Orkney Islands is more than probable, considering the prevalence of
winds from the north of west in that region : it is even possible, though far less likely,
that wind-carried seeds from Kerguelen and Heard Islands occasionally alight on parts of
the coasts of Wilkes Land. Most important in relation to the possible wind transport
of Fuegian species to Antarctica is the discovery by Dr F. E. Fritsch of pollen grains of
Podocarpus among the algae found in a patch of red snow in the South Orkneys.
The nearest land from which these pollen grains could have come is southern South
America, where several species of Podocarpus occur in Chili, some at high altitudes,
and so more likely to have their pollen carried by the wind. I cannot suggest any
way in which these pollen grains can have reached the South Orkneys other than by
wind carriage, and their presence seems indisputable proof of the possibility of this
occurring. In this relation it is noteworthy that Dr Fritsch believes " that the nature
of some of the Antarctic freshwater plankton points to wind carriage over considerable
distance, although the available data are not sufficient."
The likelihood of the transport of seeds by birds is lessened by the fact of there
being only one true land bird (Chionis alba] in the Antarctic, but it seems quite
probable that seeds and spores are occasionally carried adhering to the feet and feathers
of such wandering birds as the southern black-backed gull, the skua, and the giant
petrel, which range from sub-antarctic to Antarctic lauds. Almost everywhere that
snow-free land occurs on the coasts of Antarctica in summer, innumerable birds find
nesting-places, and these are the places where or near where most of the vegetation
occurs. As regards floating ice, I do not think that in the Antarctic it ever acts as an
agency in the dispersal of species.
Mil H:»|-.|.I MS OK ANTARCTIC PLANT LIFE. 7
It IMS IH-.-II I ili.it the c.inspieiiiiug absence of driftwood on Antar.ti,
-!i»i. that there is little likrliliiH.il of wave-carried seeds being stranded.' The
contrast with the shont of MOM parts of tin- Antic regions is certainly great in thi>
n-p.-ct. Numerous stretches of the coasts of Spitsbergen have almost the appearance
of timber-yards willi their acres of timber-stacked beaches. During eight iths at
tli.' Smith Orkneys we found only a single small piece of driftwood. But this absence
of driftwood can »- explained on two grounds: firstly, to currents sweeping past rather
than -inking the shores of Antarctica, except perhaps the north-west of Graham Land
and the South Shetlands ; and, secondly, to an absence of driftwood in the waters of
the Southern < trean.
Most of the Arctic driftwood is brought down by the Siberian rivers and the
Mackenzie River in flood. A large amount is thus swept into a confined sea. For the
Southern Ocean there are no such sources of supply, while the little timber that is
swept into the sea is negligible in that vast extent of water. Nor do I think that seeds
and spores brought on driftwood and wreckage to Antarctic coasts would stand any
chance of stranding on a locus favourable for growth, even supposing they had survived
the voyage, and that is most unlikely.
It is therefore not by reason of their isolation alone that the south polar regions
have next to no phanerogamic vegetation, but because they are unsuited in one way or
another to support it. If such a modest biological station, as I have advocated above,
should be instituted, it would be a matter of extreme interest to attempt to cultivate
on certain of the mossy oases various species of hardy Arctic plants, such as Papaver
radio i tun i. Ranunculus sulphureus, Cerastium alpinum, Saxifraga uppositifolia, etc.
etc., which all prosper and produce seed in Spitsbergen.*
Dr Skottsberg, of the Swedish Antarctic Expedition, considers that the formidable
Antarctic winds must be another unfavourable condition for higher plant life.* While
fully admitting the strength of the winds that sweep over certain localities the greater
part of the year, I do not think that they could have an inimical influence on any
possible vegetation, partly because there are always certain sheltered spots, but largely
because the Antarctic summer is a relatively calm period, while the winds of winter
could of course have no prejudicial influence through the covering of snow.
1 Polar Exploration, W. a Brace, London, 1910, p. 92.
' On my return from the Antarctic in 1904 I attempted to make such an experiment by sending to the Argentine
Meteorological Station at the South Orkneys a mipply of wedi of 23 Arctic specie* of phanerogams, with a
reqoMt to have them planted in a certain spot which I chow as suitable during my stay at Scotia Bay in 1903. I
understand that all the seeds that were planted failed to sprout, but the absence of a biologist on the spot may have
militated against the success of the experiment. The seeds sent were all of Arctic specie*, and it may be as well In
publish the complete list, which is as follows -.—Papattr radieatum, Rottb. ; Draha alpina, L. ; /'. hirta, L, f. rupntru,
R. Br. ; CocUtaria ojieinalit, L., var. 0, Vahl ; Vtticana crttien, Poir. ; SiUiu acaiUit, L. ; I'rrattium alpinum, L. ;
I'oUntMa ntV*i, L. ; AUlumMa ajptna, L. ; Saxifragn opfatUtfMa, L. ; 8. mtxita, L. ; S. rtctUaru, L. ; & A^moUM,
L. ; Rkodiola rowa, L. ; Erigtron alpinum, L*, var. yraruitjtorun, Rahl. ; llierarium ortant relation to Antarctic plankton. A detailed report and discussion
f tin- Scotia' » plankton in in process of completion.
While freshwater algae ap|>ear to be comparatively abundant, they are not nearly
so plentiful as in north polar r.-._'i,.ns. In the collections which I made at the South
Orkm-ys, l»r Fritsch has found 68 species (of which 5 are new): most are uni-
cellular and colonial.1 With the exception of the Belgica, the Southern Cross, the
Discovery, and the Nimrod, other expeditions have not yet published their results
in this branch of botany. A number of forms, however, have been recorded from
Iv rgueleu and South Georgia.
Among the South Orkney collections very few reproductive stages were found even
in material collected about midsummer, and Dr Fritsch believes that many species only
reproduce during very limited periods under specially favourable conditions. The
rarity of diatoms and infrequence of desmids in this freshwater flora are noteworthy
None of the new forms of diatoms in either the Discovery or Nimrod collections occur
at the South Orkneys.
Red and yellow snow occur at the South Orkneys, though neither is abundant. Red
snow bos been recorded from Arctic regions, as well as other parts of Antarctic regions,
including Graham Land and Victoria Land : it is also recorded from extra-polar regions.
Yellow snow is much rarer, and I am not aware that other Antarctic expeditions came
across it Dr Fritsch has reported in considerable detail on these coloured snows (loc. cit.),
and he finds that yellow snow is due to an association of 18 species of alga; and 2 of fungi ;
most of the algse are green forms, but few diatoms occur. The whole of this flora has a
plankton character, and Dr Fritsch suggests that this and other snow floras may have
arisen by wind carriage of plankton forms to the snow surface. Most of the constituent
members of this flora have a quantity of fat in their cell contents, in which yellow
pigment occurs. This fact seems to be an adaptation to the severity of the habitat
1 u On the Nature of the Discoloration of the Arctic Sew," Robert Brown, TV-iiu. JioL Soe. Edin~, it. p. 844
* Bee this volume, pp. 95-134, and " Freih water Alga- collected in the South Orkneys," Journ. Linn. Soe. Land
»L, 1918, pi
14 BOTANICAL RESULTS OF THE SCOTTISH NATIONAL ANTARCTIC EXPEDITION.
The red snow of the South Orkneys is also due to an algal association, but one that
is considerably poorer both in species and individuals than that causing yellow snow.
Most of the algal forms seem to contain fat in many of their cells. While the red
colour of these South Orkney samples appears to be due, as in the case of Arctic occur-
rences, to Chlamydomonas nivalis (Sphaerella nivalis), it is difficult to say definitely in
preserved material. Mr James Murray believes that the red snow of Victoria Land is
sometimes due to red rotifers, whose abundance in the Antarctic he was the first to
demonstrate. Red rotifers were found in Agassiz' red snow from the Alps, but have
not been recorded from the South Orkneys. The red colour Mr Murray ascribes to the
nature of the food. Elsewhere in this paper (p. 6) I have commented on the signi-
ficance of Dr Fritsch's discovery of pollen grains of Podocarpus in the red snow, as
proof of the occurrence of wind transportation from adjacent lands to Antarctica.
Such, in outline, is the present state of our knowledge of the botany of Antarctic
regions, and it will be seen that by far the greater part is due to the labours of the
expeditions of the last ten years. Of course such a survey as this must necessarily be
incomplete, as several important papers on recent collections still remain to be published,
and even when this is done our botanical knowledge of the Antarctic will have many
gaps : further collections are much to be desired, especially from the Pacific and Indian
sides, whence practically nothing is known, beyond of course the collections of the
Belgica, Franqais, and Pourquoi Pas? on the west of Graham Land, and the various
collections from Victoria Land. Among the Antarctic lands from which no plants are
known are Coats Land, Enderby and Kemp Lands, Termination Land (if this long-lost
land is identical with Drygalski's reported " high land"), Wilkes Land, Edward Land,
Charcot Land, and Alexander Land — not to omit New South Greenland if' that great
peninsula really exists in the Weddell Sea — though it is quite to be expected that
their flora is very scanty since they are more or less covered with ice and little
bare rock appears. The explorations of the Aurora in Wilkes Land, the Deutschland
in Coats Land, and the Fram in Edward Land should add to our knowledge of
Antarctic botany.
While our knowledge of Antarctic flora is certainly incomplete, all the known facts
point to a Fuegian origin. Not only does an analysis of the distribution of the
constituent elements indicate this, but the relative greater abundance of species in
Graham Land and vicinity than in Victoria Land, as well as the absence of New Zealand
forms, shows that the flora of the Antarctic is due to an emigration of species from
Fuegian lands. I have discussed above (pp. 6 and 7) the ways in which seeds might
cross Drake Strait. Winds and birds must have done the work of giving Antarctica
its present flora, via Graham Land from Fuegia, and thence it must have spread westward
via the coasts to Victoria Land, but naturally only a small proportion of the species
were carried so far. However, it is quite possible that by the same agencies a certain
number of mosses and lichens may have reached Wilkes Laud and Wilhelm Land from
Kerguelen and Heard Island, while South Georgia and the South Sandwich group may
I Hi: I'Kor.l I M- OK ANTARCTIC PLANT LIKE. 15
have contributed to Coats Land and the coast eastward towards Knderliy Land. The
floras of all tin--,- Mih-antan-tir inlands from the Falkland* eaMwanl |.. K.ruiirleii have
In en shown to l>o related to out- another, and to have strong Fuegian aflimtie>; and
i 1 1 i i>okayiir has ["iini---! "lit t In- r«-lal i»n-liip ln-l wn-n I lir tl"ia ••! l> i •_•!!• ]• n .m<l I K it
of Macquarie Island.
In a later part of this paper (pp. 17-20) is a fuller discussion of these islands and
their floras; but this close relationship with Fuegia that they all exhibit, means that
emigration of a species from any of these islands to Antarctica amounts to emigration
from Kucgia by a somewhat circuitous route. No other lauds are near enough to
Antaretica to have affected its flora.
In relation to the flora of South Georgia, Dr Skottsberg has discussed at some
length the probability of wind and bird carriage of various species : reference should
be made to that paper.1 Taking into account our incomplete knowledge of the
Antarctic flora, the total number of species which occur in Antarctica may seem large
when all must have been brought by such chance agencies as wind and birds ; yet I
believe that the existing species in Antarctic regions represent a small proportion
of those that have reached there. The probability of seeds and spores reaching a
location suitable for growth is small, and even then only specially favoured species
could survive the adverse conditions of life with which they have to contend. The
high proportion of endemic species among the mosses in particular is, of course, the
outcome of this most specialised environment.
One element of the Antarctic flora may appear to present a difficulty in the way
of the acceptance of this theory — that is, the northern element. Dr Cardot has found
a large proportion of these forms among the mosses of both Antarctic and sub-antarctic
regions. But their presence can be satisfactorily explained, and that without recourse
to the now discredited theory of bipolarity. Dr Cardot suggests* that the spores and
soredia of these mosses and lichens may be transported on the feet and plumage of
those birds which we now know wander between high northern and high southern
latitudes. Wilson's petrel (Oceanites oceanicus), which breeds in the Arctic regions,
was found by us during the northern winter off Coats Land ; the northern tern
(Sterna macrura) was proved by the naturalists of the Scotia to wander almost from
pole to pole ; and other species of birds might be cited that range between Alaska and
Fuegia. While there may be some degree of probability in Dr Cardot's theory, I do
not feel it gives an adequate explanation of the facts, and I think that a more satis-
factory and simpler explanation is to be found in the idea that the species of mosses
and lichens in question are either cosmopolitan, but have not been discovered in low
latitudes, or that they are species which have spread from northern to southern regions
(or vice versa) by means of mountain ranges or bird and wind transport, but which
1 " Die Oefanpfonzen Sudgeorgien*," Carl SkotUberg, Wim*. Sry. ScAtcW. Siidpolar-Kzp., iv. 3.
* " Note BUT U Flore de 1'AnUrctidr," Jules Cardot, Vompta rnwfct i ies of ferns grow in nooks and crannies of the moist rocks, and apparently
obtain an easy footing in the relatively soft volcanic ash. Mosses are plentiful every-
wherr, ami in the bed of the stream I got several specimens of a liver-wort.
The only plants in flower were Sonchus olemceus and Apium oust rale and two
species of Rwnes, and the majority even of these were in seed. Gnaphalium pyra-
midale bore withered flowers, and Phylica nitida and Empetrum nigrwn, var.
rubmm, were in fruit in a few places.
I found no trace of any plants introduced for cultivation by the settlers whose ruined
huts we found. Beyond the huts was half an acre of ground beset with tree-stumps,
the remains, no doubt, of the native tree which had been cut down for firewood.
The phanerogams and ferns of Gough Island, as might be expected, have proved
to be very similar to those of Tristan da Cunha. The present collection contains 17
species of phanerogams and 10 of ferns. Four of the 17 species of phanerogams are
almost without doubt introduced (Hypochceris glabra, Soncltus oleraceus, Rumex
obtusifolius, and Plantago major). Of the remaining 23 species of Gough Island
plants, 20 are recorded from Tristan da Cunha— one (Hydrocotyle leucocephala) is a
South American plant and two are endemic (CWu/«,sp. nov., and Aspleiiium, sp. nov.).
Of the 18 species also recorded from Tristan da Cunha, four certainly, and probably six,
are endemic to the group. The mosses collected by me at Gough Island comprise 21
species, of which 1 1 are new. A discussion of the affinities of the Gough Island Hora
as exhibited by the mosses is contained in Dr Cardot's paper in the present volume
(pp. 57-66). Excluding the 11 endemic species and one which is only generically
determined, but which is probably new, 9 species remain. Of these two are more or less
cosmopolitan, and four others are of wide distribution in the southern hemisphere, so
that their presence in Gough Island proves little from a geographical point of view.
Two species occur in both Gough Island and Tristan da Cunha, and one in Gough Island
and Ascension. One would expect the relationships to Tristan da Cunha to be more
marked, and I agree with Dr Cardot that further exploration will probably prove this
to be the case. Otherwise the Fuegiun affinities are most marked in the moss flora of
Gough Island, but I do not feel that our knowledge of that flora is anything like
adequate enough to justify our drawing from it any deductions of a geographical nature
regarding former land connections. For though, as Dr Cardot points out, 6 of the
9 extra-Gough Island species are found in Fuegian lands, their cosmopolitan nature
or wide distribution in high southern latitudes militates against their being used as
evidence in this respect. Nor must it be forgotten that a species of wide distribution
in high southern latitudes would most likely be found in Fuegian lands, owing to the
greater land area available there than elsewhere.
36 BOTANICAL RESULTS OF THE SCOTTISH NATIONAL ANTARCTIC EXPEDITION.
In conclusion, I have to thank the authorities at Kew and the British Museum for
the facilities granted me for working in their herbaria ; and Dr 0. V. Darbishire and
Mr C. H. Wright for their respective shares in this paper. To the late Mr C. B.
Clarke I am particularly indebted for his determination of the species of Scirpus ; and
I would express my thanks to Mr A. N. Bruce, B.Sc., for the care and trouble he has
taken in the drawing of the plate of Cotula goughensis.
I. PHANEROGAMS.
By R. N. RUDMOSE BROWN, D.Sc.
DlCOTYLEDONES.
PHYLICA NITIDA, Lam. Encycl., ii. p. 77 ; D. C. Prodr., ii. p. 35 ; Hemsl. Chall. Dot.,
i. n. p. 148, t. 25. P. arborea, Thou. Esq. Fl. Trist., p. 45. P. mauritiana, Boj. ex
Baker, Fl. Maurit., p. 53.
Very common on the island up to a height of about 2000 feet, growing even on
the most exposed ridges. It seldom grows more than some 25 feet in height,
and the stems are always much bent and gnarled and generally covered with a
growth of lichens.
Distribution. — Tristan da Cunha, Inaccessible and Nightingale Islands, Amsterdam
Island, Reunion and Mauritius.
HYDROCOTYLE LEUCOCEPHALA, Cham, et Schlecht. in Linnsea, i. (1826), p. 364.
Common in the glen in swampy places under waterfalls. This species differs
from Hydrocotyle. capitata, Thouars — the Tristan da Cunha plant — in the almost total
absence of hairs on the leaves and leaf-stalks, except an occasional sparse covering
near the blade.
Distribution. — Brazil and Paraguay. This species does not appear to have been
recorded outside these two countries.
APIUM AUSTRALE, Thou. Esq. Fl. Trist., p. 43 ; Hook.f. Handb. Fl. N. Zeal, p. 90 ;
Hemsl. Chall. Bot., i. n. p. 149.
Common on the low-lying ground down to high-water mark and growing very rankly
in places. It appears to be a very variable plant, and the Gough Island variety has
the leaves broadly ovate, and not linear like the specimens from Tristan da Cunha of
Carmichael and Moseley.
Distribution. — Tristan da Cunha and Inaccessible Island, and very generally in
extra-tropical regions of the southern hemisphere.
NERTERA DEPRESSA, Gaertn. Fruct., i. p. 124, t. 26 ; Hook.f. Handb. Fl. N. Zeal,
p. 120 ; Hemsl. Chall. Bot., i. ii. p. 150.
Erythrodanum alsineforme, Thou. Esq. FL Trist., p. 42, t. 10 (Nertera).
Common in the drier and more barren places.
mi: IMI vs1! n . 37
Di.t'i-il>'i'i»n. — Tristan da Cuuba ami Inaccessible Island, and southern temperate
regions except South Africa.
NKRTRRA DBPRKSSA, tim-i-tn.. van OBTDSA, Rud. Br.t var. nov.
A variety distinct from the normal />r>'*sa in having all its JMTM obovate
witli no suggestion of acuteness.
Among the specimens of Nertera deprexsa gathered on Gough Island only one
plant of this variety was found. In the Kew Herbarium there is one specimen from
Inaccessible Island (Mosdey, Inaccessible Island, 16.8.73) of this variety. The other
specimens of this plant from Tristan da Cunha belong to the typical Nertera dfjtressa,
ami the variety does not appear to occur elsewhere.
Distribution. — Inaccessible Island.
GNAPHALIUM PYRAMIDALE, Tlnm. Esq. Fl. Trist., p. 40; D.C. Prodr., vi. p. 234;
Hemsl. Chatt. Hot., i. II. p. 151, t 26. G. Thouarsii, Spreny. Syst. Vey., iii. p. 473.
Common up the glen.
Distribution. — Tristan da Cunba and Inaccessible Island.
COTULA GOUGHENSIS, Rud. Br., sp. nov. (Plate IV.)
Herba annua erecta vel suberecta, 25 cm. alta inferne multe ramosa ; folia
sessilia fere amplexicaulia, bipinnatisecta, segmentis Innceolatis in apicem acutuni
rotundatis ; capitula folia non sujKjrantia, 8 mm. lata ; involucri bractoaa late ovatte vel
fere rotuudataj, marginibus integris ; Mores dimorphi exteriores ? uniserrnti sine
corollis, interiores cum corollis ; achenia comprcssa glabra.
This species is quite distinct in its much blunter leaves and broad involucral bracts
from the Nightingale Island species, Cotula Moseleyi. It is near Cotula coronifolia, but
differs in having broad bracts and a smaller inflorescence. Cotula coronifolia is also in
general a much coarser plant. The only species of Cotula near this species as regards
the broad bracts is Cotula integrifolia, but in other respects this is quite distinct.
Endemic in Gough Island, where it is very plentiful.
Ilvf". H.I:I:I> GLABRA, Linn. Sp. PL, 810; D.C. Prodr., vii. p. 90.
Very probably an introduced plant here, as Mr Hemsley considers it to be in
Tristan da Cunha.
Distribution. — Almost cosmopolitan.
SONCHUS OLERACEDS, Linn. Sp. PL, 792.
Common : probably introduced.
Distribution. — Tristan da Cunha and Inaccessible Island, and generally throughout
temperate regions.
KOMEX OBTUSIFOLIDS, Linn, Sp. PL, 335.
Probably introduced. It has not been recorded previously from the Tristan da
Cunha group.
Distribution. — Very widely spread in northern and southern hemispheres.
38 BOTANICAL RESULTS OF THE SCOTTISH NATIONAL ANTARCTIC EXPEDITION.
ROMEX FRUTESCENS, Thou. Esq. Fl. Trist., p. 38 ; D.C. Prodr., xiv. p. 72 ; Ilemsl.
Chall. Bot., i. n. p. 154, t. 30.
Very common at the mouth of the glen down to high-water mark.
Distribution. — Tristan da Cunha and Inaccessible Islands.
EMPETRUM NIGRUM, Linn. Sp. PL, 1022; var. RUBRUM, Hemsl. Chall. Bot., . n.
p. 154. E. rubrum. Vahl, in Willd. Sp. PL, iv. p. 713 ; Hook.f. FL Antarct., ii. p. 345.
E. medium, Carmich. in Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., xii. (1818), p. 508.
Plentiful in dryer places.
Distribution. — Tristan da Cunha, Inaccessible and Nightingale Islands, and in the
Falkland Islands and Tierra del Fuego.
PLANTAGO MAJOR, Linn. Sp. PL, 112.
Common and doubtless introduced.
Distribution. — Generally throughout the northern hemisphere, and introduced
widely elsewhere.
MONOCOTYLEDONES.1
SCIRPUS THOUARSIANUS, Schult. Mant., ii. (1824), pp. 84 et 538 ; Hemsl. Chall. Bot.,
i. ii. pp. 156-158, tt. 33 et 34. S. prolifer, Thou. Esq. Fl. Trist., p. 36, t. 7. S. squar-
rosa, Spreng. Syst. Veg., iv. (1827), p. 28 ; Boeck. in Linnsea, xxxvi. (1869-70), p. 507.
S. Thouarsianus, Schult., var. bicolor, Hemsl. Chall. Bot., i. ii. p. 156, t. 34 (8-16).
S. prolifero-ramosus, Boeck. in Flora, Iviii. (1875), p. 261. S. virens, Boeck. in Flora,
Iviii. (1 875), p. 260 ; Hemsl. Chall. Bot., i. n. p. 158, t. 33 (7-12). S. pallescens, Boeck.
ex Hemsl. Chall. Bot., i. ii. p. 158. S. Thouarsianus, Schult., var. pallescens, Hemsl.
Chall. Bot., i. ii. p. 158, t. 33 (1-6).
Isolepis prolifera, Carmich. in Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., xii. (1818), p. 503. I. squar-
rosa, Carmich., loc. cit., xii. (1818), p. 503. I. bicolor, Carmich., loc. cit., xii. (1818),
p. 503; Kunth, Enum., ii. p. 216. I. acugnana, Schult. Mant., ii. (1824), p. 532;
Kunth, Enum., ii. p. 216. 1. Thouarsii, A. Dietr. Syn. PL, ii. p. 109 ; Kunth, Enum.,
ii. p. 216.
Very common.
Distribution. — Tristan da Cunha, Inaccessible and Nightingale Islands.
SCIRPUS SULCATUS, Thou. Esq. Fl. Trist., p. 36, t. 7; Hemsl. Chall. Bot., i. n.
p. 155 (var. Moseleyanus excl.), t. 31. S. Thouarsii, Spreng. Syst. Veg., iv. (1827),
p. 27. S. conspersus, Boeck. in Linnsea, xxxvi. (1869-70), p. 505, pro parte.
Isolepis sulcata, Carmich. in Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., xii. (1818), p. 503; Kunth,
Enum., ii. p. 216. I. Carmichaeli, Dietr. Syn. PL, ii. p. 107.
Not uncommon.
Distribution. — Tristan da Cunha group only, unless the New Zealand plant Scirpus
sulcatus var. ? ft. tristigmatosa, C. B. Clarke, MSS., can be regarded as truly belonging
to this species.
1 For the determination of the species of Scirput I am indebted to the late Mr C. B. Clarke.
THK BOTANY OF OOUQU ISLAND. 89
S, i HITS M..SKI KVANDS, ]{•><•. llemsl. Cli'ilf. H"f.. i. u. p. 155, t. 32 (fig. 6 exd.).
Only mi.- >!•••• •mien f this was gathered, but fortunately it was in fruit. The ripe
fruits were previously unknown.
Distribution. — Nightingale and Inaccessible Islands.
SPARTINA ARUNDINACRA, Carmich. in Trans. Linn. Soc. Loud., xii. (1818), p. 504 ;
K>n,tl,, /-.'num., i. p. 279 ; Hemsl. Chall. Bot., i. II. p. 160, t 25.
Ponceletia arundinacca, Th«n. A'.*/. /•'/. Trist., p. 36.
Tliis is one of the predominant plants of the island, apparently growing luxuriantly
• . r where up to an elevation of over 1000 feet.
/ti.itribntion. Tn-!:m Plus ou moms cosmopolites.
„ albicans Sch. )
Polytriehadelphus magellanicug Mitt. Existe aussi dans la region australo-ne'oze'landaise.
Jirachythecium subpilosum Jaeg. Se retrouve encore aux iles Marion, Kerguelen, G6orgie du Sud et
dans 1'Antarctide.
Deux especes se retrouvent a Tristan d'Acunha :
Rhacomitrium symphyodontum Jaeg. = R. membranaceum Par.
Philonotis capillata Par.
et une a 1' Ascension :
Sphagnum Scotice Card.
Enfin, uue derniere espece : Cyclodictyon Icetevirens Mitt., existe en Irlande, a
Madere et a Fernando-Po.
Les especes ende"miques montrent des affinites avec des Mousses de Tristan
d'Acunha, de la region magellanique, de 1'Afrique australe et meme de la Reunion, de
File St Paul et de Kerguelen, dans 1'Ocean Indien, mais c'est, en somme, avec la veg6ta-
tiou de la region magellanique que la florule bryologique de 1'lle Gough parait avoir le
plus de rapports. II est toutefois probable que quand les Mousses de Tristan d'Acunha
et celles de 1'ile Gough seront mieux connues, on relevera un plus grand nombre
d'especes communes a ces deux lies, qui pr6sentent les plus grandes analogies quant a
la flore supdrieure.
SPHAGNACE.E.
Sphagnum.
S. SCOTI^E Card. sp. nova.
S. acutifolium Wright, in Linn. Soc. Journ., Bot., xxxvii. p. 264, non Ehrh.
Molle, pallide viride. Caulis cellulse epidermicse distinctae, magnse, bistratosae,
cylindrum lignosurn pallidum, cellulis vix vel parurn incrassatis formatum. Kami 3
vel 4 in singulo fasciculo, quorum 1 vel 2 penduli. Folia caulina magna, l'75-2
millim. longa, O'8-l millim. lata, oblongo-lingulata, basi baud vel vix angustata, apice
obtuso, integro, plus minus cucullato, superne vel fere e basi fibrosa, limbo angusto
ubique aequilato marginata. Folia ramorum divergentium ovato-lanceolata, concava,
l'S-1'6 millim. longa, 07-075 lata, marginibus superne inflexis, apice truncatulo et
denticulate ; leucocystae valde fibrosse, poris majusculis, in parte superiore paginse
dorsalis secundum chlorocystas sat nuuierosis, in pagina ventrali nullis vel perpaucis ;
chlorocystae ventrales, in sectione transversali trapezoidales, utraque pagina inter
leucocystas emergentes.
LB8 MOUSSES 1-1. I I I'KI >l IK >N NMKiNAI.I. ANTARCTIgUK KOO8HAI8E. 59
I ii '..1 •- i .|iir ilrux |n>tits fragments de cette espece, 1'un pruvcnant dc 1'tlc Qough,
1'autrr ill- rAsiviisiiui. Kllr est voisinr i<lm nttii lljw., dc 1'llc 8t Paul, mais
ivlui-ri a K-s ft-uilli's cauliiiaircs plus conrti-s, ..vales ct a leucocystes toutes divifl&a par
pliiMi'iirs cloisons oliliijm-H, ce qui u'a lieu, daua 1'especo nouvelle, que sur un petit
no mitre de leucocystes.
DlCRANACE.*.
Trematodon.
T. INTKRMIXTOS Card., sp. nova.
Aliis muscis commixtus gregaric crescens. Caulia gracilis, moll is, erectus, laxifoliua,
6-10 millim. lougus. Folia mulliu, e basi subvaginante brevitvr oblonga in subulam
elongatara, canal iculatam, plus minus flexuosam, integerrimam vel apice minute
denticulutam sat abrupte constricta, media et superiora 4'5-5'5 millim. longa, 0*0-075
basi lata, inferiora breviora, costa basi angusta, superne dilutata et totam fere subulam
occupante, ccllulis basis clongatis, linearibus, in subula brevioribus, minute rectangulis.
Folia perichtutialia lougiora, e basi laxius reticulata magis scnsim angustuta. Capsula
in pedicello pallide stramineo, 12-15 millim. longo erecta inclinatave, a3tate arcuata,
collo sporangio longiore basi strumuloso instructn, 3-4 millim. longa, operculo
longirostro. Peristomii dentes auguste lanoeolnti, circa 0'35 millim. longi, rubro-
aurantiaci, dorso longitudinaliter striati, intus papillosi, lamellis paucis ornati, usque od
basin in 2 crura apice cohoercntia divisi. Spora luteo-virides, minute granulosa;, dinm.
18-28 n. Flores masculi gemmiformes, aggregati, terminates.
Se rapprochant par ses feuilles longuement subulees du T. setaceus Hpe., de 1'lle
St Paul, cette espece m'en parait suifisamment distincte par sa capsule a col plus long
que le sporauge, et par ses dents peristomiales divisees jusqu'a la base en deux branches
distinctes, plus ou moins coht'-rentes seulement au sommet. Les ^cbantillons trop
pauvres dont je disposais nc m'ont pas permis de reconnattre si les fleurs males naissent
sur des tiges speciales, ou bien au sommet de rameaux basilaires de la plante fructifere.
Dicranella.
D. 8P., planta mascula.
Probablement une espece uouvelle, dont nous n'avons malheureusemeut que la
plante male. Petite Mousse de 2 a 4 millimetres, a feuilles etal^es-dress^es, flexueuses,
planes aux bords, a subule g^n^ralement plus ou moins obtuse ou uu peu tronquee et
denticul£e au sommet
Campylopus.
C. ALVARKZIANUS Card., sp. nova,
Cespites superne lutescentes, intus fusco-tomentosi, 1-4 centim. alti. C'aulis
simplex vel porce divisus, saepe basi ramos filiformes gracillimos emittens. Folia plus
60 BOTANICAL RESULTS OF THE SCOTTJSH NATIONAL ANTARCTIC EXPEDITION.
minus conferta, superiora comosa, subsecunda, anguste lanceolata et sensim in subulam
canaliculatam, acutam, dorso scaberulam, apicem versus dentatam, rarius subintegram
protracta, 4 '5-5 millim. longa, 0 '5-0 '6 5 millim. basi lata, inferiora minora, appressa,
costa latissima, ^— f basis et totam fere subulam occupante, elamellosa, in sectione
transversali a cellulis ventralibus majusculis, eurycystis dorso stereidis et substereidis
tectis, cellulisque epidermicis dorsalibus composita, cellulis alaribus tenerrimis, hyalinis,
marcescentibus, parum distinetis, cseteris liueari-rectangulis et subquadratis, parietibus
incrassatis. Reliqua desiderantur.
On peut comparer cette espece au C. vesticaulis Mitt., de Tristan d'Acunha, mais
celui-ci est plus robuste, ses tiges sont recouvertes d'un tomeutum plus abondant, et
ses feuilles, plus grandes, pre"sentent dans la partie moyenne un tissu fort different,
compose de cellules irregulieres, plus ou moins obliques, attenuees, subrhomboidales.
Le C. alvarezianus rappelle assez, par son aspect exterieur, le C. eximius Reich.,
de 1'ile St Paul, mais s'en s^pare d'ailleurs completement par ses feuilles epiliferes et
par son tissu.
J'ai trouve dans les rdcoltes de M. Rudmose Brown quelques tiges d'un Campy-
lopus a feuilles plus molles, plus flexueuses a l'6tat sec, et a tissu forme jusque pres de
la base de cellules plus courtes, carrees ou brievement rectangulaires, qui, bien qu'assez
different de 1'espece que je viens de decrire, me semble cependant n'en etre qu'une
simple forme.
GRIMMIACE
I'l AN' UK I.
Fig. I. Sph&rnum Xrntur. — ri, feuille caulinaire ; x 13. 6, r, feuilles d'un rameau divergent; x 13.
•/, limit dans le haul il'iinc fruillo caulinaire; x 27". 0, tiasu dan* la moitie' su|M>rirure d'uno feuille
ramriaU. vu |wr la face doraale ; x 270. /, portion d'uno section transvonale vein le milieu d'une feuille
rameale ; x 370.
Pig. 2. Tr«matodon Marmot**.— a, plantes, gr. nat. b, r, feuille* ; x 13. d, «, capsules deoperculles ;
x 13. /, fragment du pe'riatoms et aporea ; x 138.
Fig. 3. Oampylopu* alvartsia*ut. — a, planta, gr. nat. b, e, d, feuillea ; x 13. e, tiaau Wilaire d'une
feuill* ; x 138. /, tiaau ven le milieu d'uue feuille; x 270. y, aommet d'uno feuille; x 138. h, partie
d'une coupe tranavsnsJe de la nervure, dans la nioiiio aupe'rieure ; x 270.
. 4. Afacromitrium antardirum. — a, plante, gr. nat h, e, d, e, feuillea ; x 26. /, tiasu baailaire
d'une feuille ; x 270. g, tiaau vera le milieu d'une feuille ; x 270. h, sotumet d'une feuille ; x 270. i,
capsule jeune et encore operculw- ; x 13. j, capsule mure, deoperculee, a 1'ctat tee ; x 13. k, fragment du
peVistome; x 138. /.coifle; x 13.
5. Hryuin tntellieaulr. — a, plante, gr. nat. b, extremity d'une tige ; x 13. r, d, e, feuille* ; x 26.
/, twau baailaire d'une feuille ; x 138. </, aommet d'une feuille ; x 138.
Fig. 6. liryum mibuiitterve. — a, b, plantos, gr. nat. r, extrt:mil d'une tige ; x 13. d, t, /, , r, feuillea ; x 13. d, tiaau de la partie superieure
de la base d'une feuille ; x 138. «, tiaau marginal ven to milieu d'une feuille; x 138. /, aommet d'une
feuille; x 138.
Fig. 8. Tkuiilium airarnianum. — a, b, planks, gr. nat. e, extremiUf d'une tige ; x 13. </, e,f, feuille*
caulinairea ; x 32. y, k, i, fcuillea d'un nmeau primaire ; x 32. j, k, I, feuillea d'un rameau necondaire ;
x 32. m, tiasu marginal ven le milieu d'une feuille caulinaire ; x 270. n, sommet d'une feuille ciuiliimire ;
x '.'70. o, paraphvllw ; x 270.
Fig. 9. Itoptfryyium liroicnii. — o, b, e, plan tea, gr. nat. d, extrdmite d'une tige; x 13. e, f, g, h,
feuillea ; x 26. i, tissu hosilaire d'une feuille ; x 270. j, sommet d'une feuille ; x 270.
Fig. 10. Itopieryyium ambiguum- — a, plante, gr. nat. b, extr^mite d'une tige; x 13. e, alli<l»Jlaveru. — a, plante, gr. nat. b, oitreniit<; d'un rameau ; x 13. e, d, e,
feuille* ; x 26. f, tissu basilaire d'une feuille ; x 270. g, tiseu marginal dans la moitio supeVieurc d'une
feuille ; x 270. h, sommet d'une feuille ; x 270.
PLAKCHB III.
Fig. 12. RhyneAotteyium uopierygioidet. — a, plante, gr. nat. 6, oxtremit<; d'un rameau; x 13.
••,'/,?,/, ;/, feuillea; x 13. h, tissu basilaire d'une feuille; x 138. »', tissu marginal ven le milieu d'une
feuille ; x 138. j, sommet d'une feuille ; x 138. k, feuille pe'richdtiale in time ; x 13.
Fig. 13. Ditrtuulla pygmma. — a, b, plantes; x 3. e, d, e, feuilleo ; x 26. /, tisou basilaire d'une
feuille; x 138. g, aoramet d'une feuille ; x 138. h, feuille pericWtiale ; x 26. i, j, capsules opercul&a,
it 1'etat sec ; x 26. k, capsule mure, ouverte, a 1'etat humide ; x 26. /, fragment du pe'ristome et de
1'aoneau ; x 138. m, feuille de D. minttta (Hpe.) Broth.; x 26.
Fig. 14. ffyophUa Ateauionit. — a, b, plantes, gr. nat. r, extremite d'une tige; 13. Vo
.li I l> ( AKI'ui I.Ks Mm ssKX UK L'1-AI-H'ITION NATIUNALK ANTAKCTIgfE ECO88A18E- PLANC1
Fig. S
Fig. 6.
Scot. Nat. Ant. Ex; > -"0 !:/ % : / Vol III
-Ii I.ES CARDOT: LES MHISSES DK i.Kxn N NATIONAI.K AMAIK riyi'K ECOSSAISB. PLAMCHB IL
Fig 10.
M F>rtUM t
Scot. Nat. Ant. Exp. Vol III
•M I.ES CAKIHIT: LES MOUSSES DE L'KXPEDITIUN NATIONAI.E AXTAR0
74 BOTANICAL RESULTS OF THE SCOTTISH NATIONAL ANTARCTIC EXPEDITION.
in not being coriaceous, in its smaller size, thicker thallus, and longer narrower cells
as seen in section.
Reinsch, in his list of South Georgian Algae (p. 420), quoted above, describes a new
variety, macrogyna of Ulva Lactuca. This plant is, he says, composed of a single
layer of cells, those at the base being very longly caudate. The former of these
characters would place Reinsch's plant in Monostroma rather than in Ulva. The habit
of var. macrogyna is, however, quite different from that of M. endiviaefolium. It is
broad, large and flat like Ulva Lactuca, and the size of the cells is much smaller than
that of our plant. If we regard var. macrogyna as a Monostroma, these two plants are
the only Antarctic species of the genus known to us.
2. ULVA LACTUCA, L. St Vincent, December 1, 1902.
Geographical Distribution. — Cosmopolitan.
3. CH^ETOMORPHA, sp. A fragment. Between Rio and Bahia, off the coast of Brazil,
December 20, 1902, lat. 18° 24' S., long. 37° 58' W.
4. MICRODICTYON UMBILICATUM, Zan. Off Brazil, same locality as No. 3.
Geographical Distribution. — Mediterranean, Warm Atlantic, Warm Pacific, Indian
Ocean, Red Sea
5. BRYOPSIS PENNATA, Lam. St Paul Rocks, December 10, 1902. Surface.
Geographical Distribution. — Warm Atlantic, Indian Ocean.
6. CAULERPA RACEMOSA, J. Ag., var. L^TEVIRENS, forma CYLINDRACEA, Web. v. B.
St Paul Rocks, December 10, 1902, lat. 0° 58' N., long. 29° 20' W. Shore.
Geographical Distribution. — Warm Atlantic, Indian Ocean, Australia.
Var. UVIFERA, Web. v. B. Off Brazil, same locality as No. 3.
Geographical Distribution. — West Indies, Indian Ocean, Friendly Islands.
7. C. MURRAYI, Web. v. B. Off Brazil, same locality as No. 3.
Geographical Distribution. — Victoria Banks, Brazil.
8. CODIUM TOMENTOSUM, Stackh. Off Brazil, same locality as No. 3.
Geographical Distribution. — Mediterranean, North Atlantic, Cape of Good Hope,
Indian Ocean, Red Sea, North Pacific, Australia.
9. SARGASSUM VDLGARE, Ag. Off Brazil, same locality as No. 3. St Vincent, shore,
December 1, 1902.
Geographical Distribution. — Warm Atlantic.
The first record consists of fragments of plants with few and widely scattered leaves.
The second specimen has many and crowded leaves, which are smaller than those of the
Brazil specimens. The St Vincent plants agree exactly with specimens collected by
MAKINK ALO/K "1 I III -i ,.| M>II NATIONAL ANTARCIh 1: PI hlTloN. 75
the Clml Ir i. 'j- •>• l"r»m the same locality, ami prrsrr.-d in tin- herbaria of the Brilinh
-mn ami the Royal (ianlons, Krv.
10. ' .YMNi»ni:i ^ .r.in.n-, •/ I' Two spcrimriis without fruit. Off Brazil,
same locality as No. 3.
j'liifil Ih.-itriliiitixn. — Warm Atlantn-, Warm I'a.-itir, \> .1 Sra.
11. Sr r-'i'Dhii'M I.IIIUMM. Kiitz. Five s| ..... iinen.H without fruit. Off Brazil, Hame
locality as No. 3.
Geographical Distribution. — Canaries, Wait Indies, Chatham Island.
12. DICTYOTA DICHOTOMA, Lam. Off Brazil, same locality as No. 3.
These plants show a variation from the ordinary type, inasmuch as the two branches
of the final dichotomy take on the narrow form characteristic of f. intricata.
Below this final dichotomy the plants are quite typical, and the change is a
suiKlen one. Mr Lloyd Williams has been so kind as to give us his opinion ou
our of tin- specimens, saying that this development is probably the result of
unfavourable environment at a late stage of growth. He adds that he is able to
bring about such a change artificially in laboratory cultures. It is recorded as
having been taken at a depth of 36 fathoms — a very deep habitat for a Dictyotn.
But possibly it was caught Moating free in the water ; and possibly it is a sturvation-
form. When an alga is fixed, it thrives in the food-bearing currents which sweep
past it ; but if it should break off and Boat away in such a current, it would soon
exhaust the food in its neighbourhood, and would then be in risk of starvation. And
if carried down to an undue depth, it would pass out of the zone of optimum conditions
of light, CO,, etc.
V
13. PHYLLOOIOAS SIMULANS, comb. nov.
Syn. Lessonia grandifolia, A. and E. S. Gepp pro parte in Journ. of Hot,, xliii., 1905,
p. 105, tab. 470, fig. 6. Lessonia simulans, A. and E. S. Gepp in Journ. oj Hot.,
xliv., 190*. p. 425 ; National Antarctic Expedition, iii., British Museum (Natural
History), 1907, "Marine Algae," pp. 5-7, pi. ii., fig. 10. Phyllogigas grandifolia,
Skottsberg pro parte in Wissen. Ergebn. Schwed. Siidpolar-Exp., Bd. iv., Lief. 6, 1907,
pp. 63-69.
I'laiita incompleta. Frons laminarioidea ut in P. grandifolia, stipite complanato
nm-ipite suffulta, simplex, lanceolato-linearis, longa, lata (12'5 cm. plusve), marginibus
integerrimis. Laminae substantia pergamentacea vel coriacea, e stratis tribus composita ;
cellulis corticalibus monostromaticis quadratis granuloso-obscuris ; subcorticalibus
oblongis parcnchymaticis in circa 6-7 series dispositis ; medullaribus congestis elongatis
angustis strictis 9-10-seriatis tubulos perpaucos subinfundibuliformes vagina e cellulis
parvulis composita vestitos foventibus. Caetera desunt. (Fig*. 6, 7.)
Habitat. — Scotia Bay, South Orkneys, near surface, April 1U04, It. Ar. Rudmose
76 BOTANICAL RESULTS OF THE SCOTTISH NATIONAL ANTARCTIC EXPEDITION.
The following details of the minute structure were published in the Report of the
National Antarctic Expedition (loc. cit.) :—
The lamina has a monostromatie cortex, or outer layer, composed of quadratic thin-
walled cells with granular contents. Beneath this is a subcortical tissue consisting of
about six layers of larger cells, rounded or oblong, lengthened parallel to the axis of the
frond. And interior to this is the characteristic medulla, composed of some nine or ten
rows of closely juxtaposed, narrow, elongated, and comparatively thick- walled cells, with
a few ensheathed trumpet-hyphae scattered among them. The medullary cells are
sometimes filled with a pale-brown mucilage, and- their limits are then barely dis-
tinguishable. Compare fig. 6 and its description.
In the stipes the medulla is the main tissue, and consists of a dense, pale-brown mass
of hyphse, chiefly longitudinal (fig. 7) and straight, but here and there mingled with
interwoven hyphse. Scattered in the medulla are a very few trumpet-hyphae, some
with and some without a sheath of very small cells. The outer cortex lies beneath
a distinct superficial cuticle, and consists of three or four rows of small quadrate
cells arranged in radiating lines, which, passing inwards, gradually change into a
pluri-stromatic subcortex of large round and oblong cells, which in turn merges
into the medulla.
The structure of the holdfasts, or. organs of attachment, rather resembles that of
the stipes, but the strata are less definitely marked. There is a dense medullary mass
of hyphae, without any trumpet-hyphae. The outer cortex is composed of small,
dense-coloured quadrate cells which, traced radially inwards, change gradually into
larger and larger thin-walled subcortical cells, which in turn undergo transition into
the medulla.
As regards the systematic position of the plant, we had no doubt in our minds at
first that it was conspecific with the type of our Lessonia grandifolia from Cape Adare.
For the Scotia specimens, though fragmentary, suggested a striking external resemblance
to the type. But later, when we had made a more careful comparison of the microscopic
structure, we found ourselves compelled to separate the Scotia plant off as a proper
species — Lessonia simulans.
The most obvious difference between L. simulans and L. grandifolia is found in
the medulla of the lamina. In L. simulans the medulla is a very pale-brown tissue of
close-set elongated cells, with very few ensheathed trumpet-hyphse among them ; whereas
in L. grandifolia the medulla is colourless and composed of hyphae mostly longitudinal,
laxly juxtaposed, separated from one another by one or two times their diameter, and
interspersed with numerous ensheathed trumpet-hyphae disposed in a wide median band.
Another point of difference is found in the cortex, which in L. simulans is monostro-
matie, and composed of quadrate cells with granular contents. In L. grandifolia the
cortex is composed of short vertical crowded rows of small brown cells.
But whether L. simulans differs essentially from L. grandifolia in habit or external
characters, we are unable to say ; for the material of the former was incomplete.
M I;INK AU;/T: "i mi u s i h> Ai. ANT i;ci H ECPIDIT1O1I 77
Dr C. Skottaberg (/««•. «•('/.) criticised our separation of the two species; and in
touinlinassed out of mir huinl.s ami in.lc.-.l nut of our memory. Ami
at tin- time of writing this note we are far removed from access to slides, microscoj>e,
lirrkirium, Inxiks. lint from what we (ran rcmcml)er of the specimens, and from what
we have written about them, we feol that Dr Skottsbcrg has failed to appreciate the
structural «litl. n-nc. s which in our opinion separate the species. L. simulans may well
be a specie* of /'/< ////.M/M/CW ; and we have now placed it therein M * second species,
that is, distinct from P. grandifolia.
In treating of P. grandifolia, Dr Skottsberg based his detailed description and his
figures of the anatomy upon his own material gathered in South Georgia and Graham
I. .tii.l. But, as far aa we flan understand them, they appear to us to approach much
more nearly to the structure of the type of P. rimulans from the South Orkneys than
to that of /'. (jrandifolia from Cape Adare in Victoria Land — a conclusion which would
be in agreement with the widely separated distribution of the two species in the
Antarctic region. It should be added that Dr Skottsberg, when writing his paper, had
not seen our fuller account and figures of these types published in the Report of the
National Antarctic Expedition. For though our paper was already in type a month
or two before we had the pleasure of making Dr Skottsberg's acquaintance, yet it was
not actually published until a few weeks after his paper appeared.
14. ADENOCYSTIS LESSONII, Hook, and Harv. MacDougall Bay, South Orkneys,
November 1903.
Geographical Distribution. — Cape Horn, Falklands, Auckland and Campbell
Islands, Cockburn Island, Wandel Island, Kerguelen, Tasmania, and New Zealand.
15. DBSIIARESTIA Rossn, Hook, and Harv. Scotia Bay.South Orkneys, 1-3 fathoms,
March 1, 1903.
Geographical Distribution. — Cape Horn, Falklands.
It is surprising that the Scotia collections contain no example of the plant
called D. media in the Flora Antarctica, part ii. (1847), p. 466. It is a common
species in the south polar region, and well represented in the Discovery collections ; but
it is not — as Harvey supposed — identical with the northern D. media, Grev. (Sporochttut
medtus, C. Ag. ). We have been compelled to rename the southern species D. Ifanvyana.
Our reasons for this have been given in the Report of the National Antarctic Expe-
dition, iii. p. 7.
K I. ORIDK.C.
*f
16. WILDKMANIA LACINIATA, De Toni ( = Porj>/,i/ni lociniota, Ag.). Buchan Bay,
South Orkneys, March 25, 1903; Scotia Bay, South Orkneys.
Geographical Distribution. — Mediterranean, North Atlantic, South Georgia,
78 BOTANICAL RESULTS OF THE SCOTTISH NATIONAL ANTARCTIC EXPEDITION.
17. GELIDIUM CORNEUM, Lam. Two specimens without fruit. Also two fragments
attached to Sargassum vulgare. St Vincent, December 1, 1902. Shore.
Geographical Distribution. — Cosmopolitan.
^
18. CALLOPHYLLIS VARIEGATA, Kiltz. ? Scotia Bay, South Orkneys, July 1903.
Geographical Distribution. — S.-E. Pacific, New Guinea, Kerguelen, Auckland
Islands, and Straits of Magellan.
This is a sterile and incomplete plant, and consequently we are unable to determine
it with certainty. Its structure, as seen in a transverse section of an older part of the
frond, much resembles that of Callophyllis variegata. The thallus is composed of two
strata, the interior consisting of large, thick-walled cells, separated from one another by
smaller flexuose tubular cells, and passing into a cortex of small round cells, laxly and
irregularly arranged in a cartilaginous matrix. The cortex is here and there invaded by
a green endophyte, probably Chlorochytrium (fig. 8). In younger parts of the frond the
cortex is monostromatic, and the interior has a fibrous appearance, owing to the collapse
of the cells. As to the habit of the plant, the base is absent, and the fragment of
thallus which we have seen is more or less palmately lobate and irregularly proliferous,
membranaceous in texture, and coccineo-rosaceous in colour. The specimen is 7 cm.
high and 9 cm. wide.
C. variegata is of common occurrence about Cape Horn and the Falkland Islands,
and our plant may be one of its broader forms.
19. ACANTHOCOCCUS SPiNULiGER, Hook, and Harv. Scotia Bay, South Orkneys,
9-10 fathoms, May 1903 ; December 1903.
Geographical Distribution. — Cape Horn, Falklands, Punta Arenas.
20. GRACILARIA SIMPLEX, A. and E. S. Gepp inJourn. of Bot., xliii., 1905, p. 195,
tab. 472, fig. 4 ; National Antarctic Expedition, iii., British Museum (Natural
History), 1907, Marine Algae, pp. 9, 10.
Syn. Leptosarca simplex, A. and E. S. Gepp in Journ. of Bot., xliii., 1905,
pp. 108, 162, tab. 470, figs. 10, 11.
Frondes plures (8-10) e callo minuto ortae simplices oblongse vel lato-cuneatoe planse
membranaceae, 10-15 cm. longae (apice destructo), 3-8 cm. latse, c. 230 M crassse, inferne
in stipitem plus minusve sensim angustatum, 1-3 cm. longum attenuatse, stratis duobus
contextse, cellulis interioribus rotundato-angulatis magnis 2-3-seriatis pachydermis
(frondis sterilis majoribus maxime leptodermis collabentibus submonostromaticis) ;
cellulis corticalibus filamenta ramosa verticalia efficientibus, tetrasporangia magna cruci-
atim divisa foventibus (frondis sterilis majoribus monostromaticis). (Figs. 9-11.)
Habitat. — South Orkneys, shores of Uruguay Cove, March 26, 1903 ; also Scotia
Bay, June 1903. This species was also collected by the British, French, and Swedish
Antarctic Expeditions.
When first studying this species we had but a few sterile fronds before us ; and,
noting the extreme thinness of frond, the large celled monostromatic cortex, and the
II;INI LLG i 01 Mir BOOTTIBB N TIONAL AM ML n« i xi'KWTloN. 79
thin-walled great interior cells (coll.i irevocnbly when dry), we felt that we were
dealing with a new genus allied t,. (/'m»-//»ma, and we gave it the nitme of /.•
Subsequently we received from Dr Kudino.se Brown a more complete plant, gathered in
the South ( >rkney.s, which with a few other alga) had been overlooked in the Scot in, until
that gallant ship was cleared out previous to being sold. Thin fine .specimen bore ten
fronds, some of them sterile and having the structure of Leptosarca, and others tetra-
sporiferous — with large cruciate tetraspores, thicker-walled internal cells, and a cortex
of short chains of cells arranged perpendicularly to the surface of the frond. Upon
finding these characters in the spomngiferous fronds, we thought it advisable to transfer
the species to Cfracilaria, even though the conclusive evidence of the cystocarps is
still lacking. The finest examples of this species that we have seen were shown to us by
Dr Skottsberg, who collected them during the Swedish South Polar Expedition.
In certain parts of the frond of G. simplex we noticed small filaments creeping
round tho cell-walk Reinsch (loc. cit.t p. 413, tab. xv. figs. 11-13) records two species
ft from South Georgia, endophytic in other algae; but our plant does not
agree with these, nor indeed with any other species of the genus. We have only the
vegetative filaments of our endophyte, and we hesitate, therefore, to give any definite
opinion on it. Since, however, the alg» from South Orkneys are few and interesting,
it is worth while recording it, as it may occur among other Antarctic collections.
21. EPYMKNIA, sp. Scotia Bay, South Orkneys, 9-10 fathoms, May 1903.
Two s|>ecimen8 without fruit. They resemble E. obtusa in general habit and
structure, but they lack the midrib in the base of the flalx-Hate branches. The length
of the midrib seems, however, to be a variable character in E. obtusa.
4
22. PLOCAMIUM HUOKBRI, //an'. Scotia Bay, South Orkneys, 9-10 fathoms,
August 29, 1903; April 1903; May 1903.
The last specimen is so covered with diatoms as to be unrecognisable until it
is cleaned.
Geographical Distribution — Kerguelen, Heard Island, South Georgia.
23. P. OOCCINBUM, Lyni/h. Scotia Bay, South Orkneys, December 1903; 9-10
fathoms, May 1903.
Geographical Distribution. — Cosmopolitan.
24. HYOROLAPATHUH STEPHANOCARPDM, A. and E. S. '-v/r m Journ. of /M.xliii.,
1905, p. 195, tab. 472, figs. 5-7.
Frons fruticulosa 15-30 cm. aha irregulariter dichotoma 34 nun. luta valde costata
alata, ala pinnativenia saepe destructa, prolificationes numcrosas lanccolato-lineares
costatas pinnativenias, venis oppositis conspicuis, monostromaticas usque ad 32 mm.
longas et 4 mm. latas, e costis emit tens. Cystocarpia adparenter pedicellata, revera in
foliolis minutis transformatis e costa emcrgentibus sessilia, trichomatihus pluribus
instruct*. (Figs. 12-14.)
80 BOTANICAL RESULTS OF THE SCOTTISH NATIONAL ANTARCTIC EXPEDITION.
Habitat. — Scotia Bay, South Orkneys, July 1903.
This species is most nearly related to Delesseria sanguinea, Lam. , from which it
differs in having the cystocarps not smooth, but more or less clothed with simple
tapering appendages, chiefly disposed around the sides, and leaving the top bare. But
for this wreath of appendages we should regard the plant as no more than an old narrow-
leaved and very proliferous form of D. sanguinea.
The question whether or not H. stephanocarpum belongs rightly to the genus
Delesseria depends on the view held of the systematic position of D. sanguinea
( = Hydrolapathum sanguineum, J. Ag.), with which species our plant must stand or
fall. Agardh, attaching primary importance to the structure of the mature fruit,
regarded Hydrolapathum as forming a distinct genus in Rhodymeniacese near Rhodo-
phyllis, on account of its composite cystocarp with " nucleoli " separated by radiating
columns of sterile threads, and on account of the carpostomium-structure. Schmitz, on
the other hand, reunited Hydrolapathum with Delesseria on account of the similarity
of procarpial development, which is a more primitive character than the mature fruit
on which Agardh founded his conclusions. If we follow Schmitz and De Toni, our
plant would be called Delesseria stephanocarpa. Our own inclination is, however,
to follow a middle course. Instead of sinking Hydrolapathum into Delesseria, from
which so many less well-marked genera have been quarried, we would maintain
Hydrolapathum as an independent genus on the score of the structure of its cystocarps
and sporophylls ; but we would place it in the Delesseriese, and not in Rhodymeniacese.
25. PTERIDIUM PROLIFKRUM, A. andE. S. Geppiu Journ. ofBot., xliii., 1905, p. 107,
tab. 470, figs. 7-9.
Frons fruticulosa, circa 12 cm. alta, alterne dichotoma (sed ramificatio ob prolifi-
cationes copiosas obscura) ; rami complanati, costati, alati, costa inferne conspicua,
superne attenuata, omnino sine venis lateralibus ; rami ramulique laciniati, a marginibus
costaque prolificantes, alterne et irregulariter dichotomi. Ramuli ultimi membranacei,
ligulati vel cuneato-ligulati, usque ad apices obsolete et simpliciter costati, irregulariter
lacerati vel grosse dentati, prolificantes. Cellulse paginates homoeocystidese omnes
rotundato-angulatae. Tetrasporangia sine online utroque latere costse phyllorum par-
vorum disposita, soros nee in unum confluentes, nee ad apicem attinentes formantia.
(Figs. 15-17.)
Habitat. — Scotia Bay, South Orkneys, 9-10 fathoms, May 1903.
We should have preferred to style our plant simply Delesseria prolifera, using
Delesseria in the old wide sense. But that genus, as emended by J. G. Agardh, is now
so limited in its scope that we are compelled to refer the plant to Pteridium, although
we regard it and certain other genera latterly split off Delesseria as too nearly allied to
be worthy of generic rank. In our species the mode of branching is very much masked
by the abundant proliferations. It is in habit most like P. (data, and P. pleurosporum,
but differs from the former in being much more irregularly branched, and in having no
IKIM: AH..K "i mi n NATIONAL ANTARCTIC EXPEDITION. 81
lateral vins. r'rom /'. pfeurosporum it differs in being very proliferous, and in the
imt lirinir '•niiHuciit uvtT tin- costa. The sori, in fact, resemble those of Hypo-
••.•,••/ //i it differs in having proliferations emerging from the costa, and in the
similarity in form and size of the cortical cells of costa and frond. It differs from
Reinsch's Delesseria cotulensala in having a much less strongly marked costa, and in
being proliferous.
26. PTBRONIA PKCTINATA, Schmitz (**Polysipfionia pectinate, Hook, and Harv.).
Scotia Bay, South Orkneys, July and December 1903.
Geographical Distrilmtinn. — Cape Horn, Falklands, South Georgia.
Reinsch (loc. cit., p. 374), in his note on this plant, says he believes it had never been
figured. But he had overlooked the coloured figure in Harvey's Nereis Australia,
tab. xxvii., which represents part of the thallus of a specimen from the Falklands
collected by Mrs Sulivan, spelt " Sullivan " on the original in Herb., Kew, where there
is on original drawing showing the structure, habit, and cystocarp. One of the Scotia
specimens was growing attached to Hydrolapathum stephanocarpum.
27. PCTLOTA CONPLUKNS, Reiiisch. Scotia Bay, South Orkneys, October 1903.
Three incomplete plants without fruit.
Geographical Distribution. — South Georgia.
This species is described and figured by Reinsch (loc. cit., p. 376, tab. iii. figs. 5-9).
His figure of a portion of the frond, being reduced to one-third its natural size, is not
very helpful in determination. The figures of the structure, combined with the clear
diagnosis and remarks, are, however, enough to enable us to recognise our plant as
P. confluent. Reinsch remarks that the axillary cell in his specimen has almost dis-
appeared. In our plant it is still quite clear.
28. CRYPTONEMIA LUXURIANS, J. Ag. Off Brazil, same locality as No. 3.
Geographical Distribution. — Brazil, Martinique.
29. FLORIDEA, A. and E. S. Gepp in Journ. of Bot., xliii., 1905, p. 193, tab. 472,
figs. 1. 2.
Frons cartilaginea plana, 23 cm. lata, irregularitcr laccrata et fenestrata laevis,
stratis duobus contexta ; cellulis interioribus majusculis (35-70 M long., 15-25 M lat. )
irregularibus rotundato-angulatis vel plus minusve axin versus perpendiculariter elon-
VOL. III. 11
82 BOTANICAL RESULTS OF THE SCOTTISH NATIONAL ANTARCTIC EXPEDITION.
gatis sparsis cartilagine hyalina immersis hie illic filamento tenui inter se conjunctis ;
cellulis subcorticalibus minoribus paucis rotundatis, corticalibus elongatis angustis
(20-25 M x 4 M) congestis monostromaticis ; omnibus protoplasmate granuloso instructis.
(Figs. 18, 19.)
Habitat. — Scotia Bay, South Orkneys, March 25, 1903.
This specimen consists of a broad, thickish, cartilaginous frond, recalling Iridsea, much
rent and irregular in outline, about 23 cm. in length and width. No point of attach-
ment is to be distinguished, and the thallus is ragged and slit at the margin and in
the body of the frond — something like Kiitzing's figure of Iridsea cornea (Tab. Pliyc.,
xvii. tab. 20). Neither cystocarps nor tetraspores are present. The surface is smooth,
and in some parts the cortex has been eroded, but in others it is quite uninjured. In
transverse sections the interior of the thallus is seen to be composed of fairly large
irregular cells, rotundato-angulate or elongated more or less perpendicularly to the
surface, spaced out and embedded in a hyaline cartilaginous matrix. All the cells are
lined with a granular protoplasm, and here and there show distinct thin strands of
protoplasm from cell to cell. This broad interior tissue forms the greater part of the
thallus, and is bordered on either side by a thin band of much smaller round cells,
closer together and abutting on the cortex. The cortex is composed of a row of long,
narrow, closely-packed vertical cells. There is no medullary stratum of filaments.
In attempting to determine the systematic position of this plant, we have examined
innumerable microscopic preparations of various genera without finding any structure
resembling that of our plant. The total absence of a filamentous medulla prevents it
from being placed in Kallymenia or Euhymenia, which otherwise it somewhat resembles.
We are very much puzzled by Reinsch's Kallymenia reniformis f. carnosa (Meeresalgenfl.
v. Sud Georgien, p. 394), the medullary parenchyma of which he describes as a homo-
geneous tissue of larger cells with wider lumen than in K. reniformis, and packed with
starchy contents. He gives no figure, and his description is too incomplete to enable
us to decide whether, or how far, his plant approaches ours. He states that his plant
has a very different structure from typical K. reniformis, except for its cortex. Our
plant differs from K. reniformis in having its cortical cells vertically elongate, and not
rotundate ; and its interior cells often elongate perpendicularly, and not parallel to
the surface of the frond. Though unable to indicate the genus to which this Scotia
specimen belongs, we record our observations in the hope that fertile material gathered
by one of the other Antarctic expeditions may give the clue to its identity.
Since the above was written, it has occurred to us that this specimen might possibly
be an aged incrassate plant of Gracilaria simplex. But as the material is no longer
in our possession, we are unable to put this idea to the test.
MAKINK MAiJK OK I 1 1 1 . >< • ' I I l>H SII"NI. Ml;Mh | II.IMTION. 83
DESCRIPTION OF PLATES.
(Figfc 1-6, 8-19 an reproduced from Jour*, of But. ; an.) l-i.-. 7 from Uie Report n( the t, Men in longitudinal section, x 150. Fig. 4. Upper part of thallus,
transverae Motion, x 150. Fig. 5. Ditto, surface view : a, showing cells in twos and fours shortly after
division ; and b, when they are more evenly distributed, x 1 50.
Fig. 6. I'hylloyiyiu timulant. — Longitudinal section of lamina, showing central strand of hyphao, with
one '• trumpet-hypha " in longitudinal, and one in transverse view, x about 150. The cell* of the external
layer are in reality quadrate, thin-walled, with granular contents, and not, as shown here, rotundate and
densely obscured. Fig. 7. Outer part of longitudinal section of stijies, representing the cortex com]<oscd of
abort perpendicular rows of small quadrate cells, which, passing inwards, change gradually into a pluriseriate
subeortex of large round and oblong cells, which in turn merge into the medulla ; this latter is compoMd of
densely packed straight hyphaj ; only the external part of the medulla is shown, x 110.
Fig. 8. L'allophyllit vari&jaia I — Transverse section of thallus, showing endophy te, x 288.
Fig. 9. Graniaria rimpUt. — Train vene section of fertile frond, showing tetrasporangia, x 2881
Fig. 10. Outline of a sterile frond with eroded apex, nat. size. Fig. 1 1. Tronsrene section of thallus of same :
a, taken from margin, showing thick-walled cells; b, taken from middle of frond, where the cells have
much thinner walls. In b may be seen filaments of Kntoncma creeping over the cell-walls, x 150. In
fig. 11 the walls of the large interior cells are represented as two to four times as thick as they should be.
The largest of the interior cells have a diameter of 200 /t- The cortical cells measure 12-15 /i long by
6-10 M thick.
Fig. 12. Hydrolapathvm ttephanoearpum.— Portion of plant, nat. size. Fig. 13. Cystocarp, x 30.
Fig. 14. Section of eystocarp sessile on sporophyll, x 30.
Fig. 15. Pteridium proli/trum. — Branch showing proliferations from margin and midrib, nat. size.
Fig. 16. Tetrasporic branchlet with growing points, and showing, not cortex, but interior tissue, x 30.
Tig. 16A. Apex of lobe, surface view, x 150. Fig. 17. Tetrasiwrangia, surface view, showing their
subcortical position, x 350.
Fig. 18. Floridea.— Transvewe section of thallus, x44. Fig. 19. Portion of same, showing cortex
and interior cells, x 288.
SCOT. NAT. ANT. I
Vol. III.
(I KIT: MARINE ALGA— PLATE I.
ISLIf
13
v;;
'V
•« "••
5b
8.
r •*-•
8a
AXTABCTIO ALOJC.
SCOT. NAT. ANT. Ex P.
i. NT: MARINE AL. 3). The death of Herr Foslie iu November
1909 has prevented the revision and amplification of these notes by the author. They
are consequently published in their original form. For a fuller account of these two
species, and their geographical distribution, reference may be made to M. Foslie's paper
on " Antarctic and Subantarctic Corallinacese " in Wisaen. Ergeb. Schwed. Siidjwlar-
Exp., Bd. iv., Lief. 5, Stockholm, 1907. — R. N. R. aj
/
1.1 I l!"l IIAMMON MAOELLANICUM, Fosl. f. CRENULATA, Foal, mscr.
Thallus ikkc sita huurdt faestet til underlaget som hos den typiske form, kanten mere
ujevn og konceptaklerne tildels svagt nedtrykte i midten. Formen staar naermeut f.
Schmitzii (liar.) Fosl. mscr. (Lithoph. Schmitzii, Har.), og den minder ogsaa noget om
f. taltcdensit Foal. mscr. fra Taltul i Chile. Den sidstnaevnte form udraerker sig vcd
lidt mindre celler og lettcre affaldende konceptakeldaekke end hos den typiske form.
— Ny Orkenoerne. Den skotske antarkt eksp. Scotia.
<f
LlTHOPHYLLUM DISCOIDEUM, Fosl. mscr. f. /EQUABILIS, Fosl. mSCT.
Skorpen er tyndere og jevnere end hos hovedformen, og i et tversnit viser der sig
tildels smaa kvadratiske mellemceller omtrent som hos Archfeolithothamnioii. Arten
staar meget naer L. consociatum fra Kerguelen. Jeg forbeholder mig derfor senere efter
naermere undersogelse at fastslaa dens forhold til disse arter og muligcns at opstille
den som selvstaendig. — Ny Orkenoerne. Den .skotske antarkt. eksp. Scotia.
•i
IX. -FRESH WATER ALG.E OF THE SOUTH ORKNEYS.
I .-FRESHWATER ALG.E OF THE SOUTH ORKNEYS.1
By I Iv Fr.ii-. H. D.Sc., Ph.D., Eaat London College (University of I^ondon).
(With Two Plates.)
I. INTRODUCTORY REMARK-
IN the year 1905 I received from Dr R. N. Rudmose Brown seventeen tubes of fresh-
water and suboerial algae collected by him in tin- Smith Orkneys, while acting as
botanist to the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition (1902-04). I am glad to
hBTe this opportunity of thanking him for placing this interesting material at my
disposal.
Our knowledge of Antarctic freshwater algae is at present not very extensive.
The first important contribution was that f Hooker and Harvey,* based on the material
collected by the Erebus and Terror in 1839-43. This was followed about thirty-five
yean later by two pa}K>rs of Reinsch,* containing a description of the alg» collected by
the Rev. A. E. Eaton on the island of Kcrguelen. A later paper by Keinsch ' dealt* with
freshwater algae collected by Dr H. Will in South Georgia, Wille * has further described
a few forms brought by C. E. Borchgrevink from the Antarctic continent, and
De Wildeman a number of algae collected by E. Rucovitza of the Belgian Antarctic
Expedition." In 1909, lastly, there appeared the important contribution of Van Heurck
on the diatoms of the same expedition.7
i Revised and reprinted from Jour*. Linn. Soe. Land., R-4* vol. xl., 1912, pp. 293*338.
» J. D. Hooker, Tkt Botany of the Antartiie Voyagt of H..M. diteorery Aipt " Krtbut* and " Terror " in tin ytart
1839-43 (Worn Antarttita London, 1844 : " Alga; " (by W. H. Harvey and J. I). Hooker), vol. L pp. 176-193 ; vol. ii.
pp. 464-619.
1 P. F. Reinnch, u Species ac Genera nova Algaram aqiuo dulcis, qtue stint invent* in tpeciminibui in expedition*
Vener. transit, hieme 1874-76 in In»ul« Kergtielen*i a clar. Eaton collectU," Jour*. Linn. Soe., Bo«, »v., 1876 ; P. F.
Reinsch, "Freshwater Alfpv collected by the Rev. A. E. Eatnn (Alg«- aqun- dulcu Ininlir Kergueleniii) : Account
of the Petrologiea], Botanical, and Zoological collection* made in Kerguelen'a Land and Rodriguez during the Traniit
at Venus Exped'UoM> 1874-76," PkiL Train. Hoy. Soe. Loud., vol. 168, 1879, pp. 65-92. See also W. Archer,
« Note on the Freshwater Alga: collected by H. N. Moeeley in Kergoelen'i Land," Jour*. Linn. S.*.. Ii.4., xv.,
1876, pp. 446-446 ; E. O'Menra, " On the Diatomaceoiu gathering* made at Kerguelen'x Land by H. N. Moseley,
H.M.S. CmaUenyrr," lot. fit., pp. 55 59.
1 I*. F. Rein*ch, "Die Suatwawerulgenflorn v. i, Surl-Qeorgien," IHe international* /'olar/HVATI:K VI.C/K
TIM: >'«rm »>KKNT.Y>.
one case (samples gathered on February 4, 1903, from a freshwater pond at an altitude
of 140 fe«-t, l>etveen tin- peaks of Saddle Island, Smith Orkneys) were organisms (species
of Cldamydonvonat) present, which had evidently been preserved in an actively motile
condition. For this reason it has seemed best to give as complete an account of the
material as possible, in the hope that subsequent investigations may lead to a better
int. T|.r« tation of some of the forms observed. This has been carried out especially in
tin- case of the yellow snow flora.
Some of tin* numerous rcsting-stages observed are referable to described species of
the genus Trochiscia, or at least come very close to them ; where this was the case,
tin v have been enumerated under the genus Trochisciti (see the systematic part of the
paper), although it was thought undesirable (except in one case) to establish new
species on this basis. It can hardly be doubted that some of the species of Trochiscia
are merely resting-stages of other alga;, although where a definite course of reproduc-
tion has been observed we are probably dealing with independent forms. In the case
of the material from the South Orkneys, no evidence as to the authenticity of Trochiscia
forms was to be expected, since no single case of reproduction was observed ; and there
was no choice save to record the diverse structures noticed as species of this genus.
On the whole it is astonishing that, considering the abundance of some of the algnl
forms, only very few reproductive stages were found ; in some cases (e.., xxii., 1691 ; O. O. Petenen,
"Stivelscn hos vore Truer under Vinterhvilen," Daiulu Vid. StUk. Ovmigl, 1896 ; rf. also Schimper, Plant Omyraplty
(Eng. trans.), Oxford, 1903, p. 41.
1 Warming, <Kcoloyy of Plank (Eng. trans, by P. Groom), Oxford, 1909, p. 23.
' IbuL, p. 163.
• '/. V. R Wittrock,<ndenindenarktiwJieaa^rad^>^ CWruZW.,
xir., 1883, p. 159 ; Warming, toe. ril., p. 163.
* Cf. Chodat, Alyua vtrta dt la SKUM, Berne, 1902, p. 74. Hjematochrome certainly aeU as a screen to the
chlorophyll in other algse (e.g. TrmUpMa) ; tf. Oltmanns, Morpk. u. BM. d. Algat^ ii., Jena, 1906, p. 200.
102 BOTANICAL RESULTS OF THE SCOTTISH NATIONAL ANTARCTIC EXPEDITION.
determined, 18 species of algse and 2 fungi are concerned in the production of this
association. The algae observed are the following : —
Protoderma brownii, n. sp. (p. 102). Raphidonema nivale, Lagerh. (p. 116).
Chlorosphaera antarctica, n. sp. (p. 103). Rapliidiuin pyrenogerum, Chod.1? (p. 117).
Scotiella antarctica, n. gen. et sp. (p. 105). Ulothrix subtilis, Kiitz.
„ polyptera, n. sp. (p. 108). CEdogonium, sp.
Pteromonas nivalis, Chod. (p. 109). Pleurococcus vulgaris, Menegh.
Chodatella brevispina, n. sp. (p. 111). Chlamydomonas caudata, Wille.
Oocystis lacustris, Chod. f. nivalis, n. f. (p. 112). ,, sp. (p. 118).
Sph&rocystis schroeteri, Chod. f. nivalis n. f. (p. 113). Mesoteenium endlicherianum, Naeg.
Trochiscia antarctica, n. sp. (p. 116). Nostoc minutissimum, Kiitz.
A considerable number of these forms will be considered in detail in the following
paragraphs.
(a) PKOTODERMA BROWNII, n. sp. (PI. I., fig. 1 ; PI. II., phots. 1, 2, 3, 5, P).
The main ground-mass is constituted by a form, which I somewhat doubtfully
refer to the genus Protoderma as a new species, P. brownii, n. sp. (PL I., fig. 1).
This alga probably forms broad sheets of cells, with an irregular margin spread out on
the surface of the snow, and may possibly serve as a basis for the growth of some of the
other forms (cf. p. 100). A rough examination discloses merely a number of more or less
rounded green protoplasmic masses, regularly arranged with reference to one another,
and separated by marked colourless intervals. The latter are due to the cell-walls,
which are markedly gelatinous ; a careful examination (especially of material stained
with gentian violet or methylene blue) reveals the polygonal (sometimes rather
rounded) network due to the middle lamellae of the walls and the (occasionally stratified)
mucilage, which intervenes between middle lamella and cell-contents. The middle
lamellae frequently exhibit a granular character. Where the cell-contents are not
obscured by the above-mentioned fat (which was frequently quite wanting in the cells
of the Protoderma, cf. p. 101), it is possible to make out a single chloroplast, which
generally takes the form of a curved plate, and may frequently be almost hemispherical.
In preparations stained with gentian violet a single pyreuoid was often to be distin-
guished in the chloroplast, while iodine generally showed the presence of a limited
number of starch-grains in the cells. In rare cases adjoining cells of relatively small
size were separated by thin and delicate walls ; such cells are no doubt daughter-cells
produced by division, prior to preservation of the material. These young daughter-
cells nearly always contained fat. On the whole, however, the Protoderma seemed in
as inactive a condition as the other constituents of this snow flora. The cells vary con-
siderably in size, from 5-12 M or even more, but small cells are the rule ; in most places
they form but a single layer, but, where extensive patches of the Protoderma were
observed, they appeared to lie in two (or more ? ) layers above one another.
The remaining species of the genus Protoderma are characterised, according to recent
KKKSIINV IT.I: AIX>.« OK NIK si in MUKMY- 103
description^' by tin- tlnillus i-.ni-i>iinur "f a central group of irregularly arranged cell*
from which short filaments radiate out at the periphery. Of this feature I'rotoderma
Imnmii shows not Inn-, the edge of the thallus in all cases present iii'_r jn>t a.s irregular
an .iiT.iip_r--ni.-iit «f the rolls as obtains in the middle /'. /'.,•..«•../ also differs from the
other species of the genus in not being an epiphyte (cf. however p. 1-7). Rabenhorst's*
figure and description of /'. nr'nlf, Km/.., however, give no indication of any regular
arrangement of the cells, ami th«- same is true of Migula's recent description, which
even refers to the cells as being " ordiiiingslos" and " nicht in Reihen."1 The hitter's
liptimi of /Yi'Wfrmaalso recalls the Antarctic form, in that he speaks of the tlwllus
as "schlein This character is also referred to in Hansgirg'a description,* which
further contains a statement (on p. '22b) as to the occurrence of oil drops in the cells.
It will therefor.- lie evident that all the characteristic features of /'. Ininntii have already
been referred to in the descriptions of /'. riridr, and it may ultimately prove to be but
a form of the latter. For the present, however, it seems U-st to keep it as a distinct
species, characterised by the irregular arrangement of the cells, the mucilaginous and
granular character of the walls, and the frequent presence of fat in the cell-contents.*
(h) CHLORO.sriI.KRA ANTARCTICA, II. «p. (1M. I., Jigs. 'J o ; PI. II., phots. I, 3, 5, 6, (7).
The next most abundant form is a new species of Chlorosphstra, which may be
called C. antarctica, n. sp. (PI. I., figs. 2-6). This is found either in the form of large
isolated cell (figs. 2, 6) or as groups of smaller cells, commonly in fours or sometimes
larger numbers (PI. I., fig. 3) ; the average diameter of the cells varies between 1 1 and
26 M, although smaller and much larger cells were also observed. The cells are provided
with a well defined rather thick membrane, which, especially in the case of the isolated
cells, is often surrounded by a wide spherical sheath of transparent mucilage (PI. II.,
phots. 1, 3), to the outer edge of which numerous small foreign particles were generally
adhering (PI. I., fig. 2). The isolated cells were mostly more or less spherical in shape,
while those forming groups were somewhat angular, probably as a result of mutual
pressure. In many cases an almost spherical chloroplast could be made out in the cells
without much difficulty ; this chloroplast is only interrupted on one side of the cell by a
small circular aperture, through which a small round body (in all probability the pyrenoid)
can be seen (PI. I., fig. 2). Starch is mostly present in small quantities in the smaller cells,
but is often scarcely to be found in the larger ones. On the other hand, large masses
1 O. 8. West, The BritiA FrctHvater Algr, Cambridge, 1904, p. 204, and fig. 83 A-C ; N. Wille, "Conjugate and
Chlorophyewc," in Engler and Prantl, LHe natiirl. P/fcuum/bmttoii, Nachtr. z. 1 Teil, 9 Abteil. (Leipzig, 1909), p. 86 ;
cf. abo Hansgirg, Pndromtu d. AlymJIora r. Bukmcn, L (Prague, 1886), p. 28.
* L. Rabenhorat, Flora europme algarmm aqua duleii * mbmantut. Hi,, Lipsur, 1868, pp. 288 and 907.
1 W. Mignla, Kryptog-tnunJIara mm DnUidiland, ZtabdUWrndk *nd der &*«NU, IL, 1 Teil, Ctoa, 1907, p. 747 ;
cf. also Wille, loe. ciL, 1 Teil, 2 Abteil., 1897, p. 78.
4 " Meirt •chliipferig," according to Hanagirg, loe. eit., p. 224.
* A full diagnosis of Protodtrma frroimtt will be found on p. 126. It Mems rery probable that the form thown by
Wittrock (" Om snoni och Uea» Flora," loe. eit.) in hi* fig. 1 7 (pi. iii.) belong! to thi* tpeciea, although the celU are more
regnUrly arranged than in my form.
104 BOTANICAL RESULTS OF THE SCOTTISH NATIONAL ANTARCTIC EXPEDITION.
of the above-mentioned fat were nearly always present in both kinds of cells, although
certainly more abundant in the larger ones (PI. I., figs. 2, 4, 5, 6). In a few cases the fat
was apparently diffused rather equally throughout the contents of the cells, but it mostly
formed very characteristic, highly refractive lumps at one or more points immediately
beneath the cell-wall. Frequently it appears in the form of concavo-convex lumps on
one side of the cell, the mass of fat fitting like a cap over the protoplasmic contents
(PI. I., figs. 2, 6) ; occasionally this cap may even grow out of all proportion and give rise
to a huge bulging mass on one side of the cell, which thus acquires an unusual shape.
More rarely the fat forms a complete sheath, with a rather irregular inner boundary
around the protoplasmic contents. Apart from the cases as yet described, in which the
fat exhibits an obvious connection with the cell-contents, a number of cells were always
to be found in which there were a number of rounded or oval lumps of fat com-
pletely segregated from the somewhat contracted protoplasm of the cell, and lying in a
more or less well-marked space between the latter and the cell-wall (PI. I., figs. 4, 5). The
cells concerned were always somewhat oval in shape, and showed the pyrenoid and the
characters of the chloroplast very prominently. In a few cases (PI. I., fig. 5) two pyre-
noids were visible through the drawn-out aperture in the chloroplast, and this seems to
indicate that these oval cells were about to divide. On the whole, such cells contained
a relatively smaller amount of fat than the ordinary spherical cells do, and it would thus
appear as though this segregation and diminution in the amount of fat precedes cell-
division. Some uncertainty, however, naturally attaches to this interpretation until the
actual process of cell-division has been observed. The conclusion that the large spheri-
cal cells, with their transparent mucilage-sheath, and the groups of smaller cells belong
to one and the same species may also be challenged ; but apart from the identical struc-
ture of the cell in the two cases, I have found practically all transitions between the
two sizes, and I think there can be little doubt that they all belong to the same species.
The genus Chlorosphsera l is characterised by its chloroplast and the power of vegetative
division (which distinguishes it from the allied genus Chlorococcum), and by reproduc-
ing by subdivision of the cell-contents to form zoospores2; the absence of the latter
method of reproduction in C. antarctica is not astonishing in view of the dormant
character of the whole of the yellow snow flora. The new species seems to come nearest
to C. angulosa, Klebs,3 in which Artari states that reproduction principally takes place
by vegetative division ; C. antarctica, however, differs in the often appreciably smaller
size of the cells after division, in the mucilage-sheath around the larger cells, and in the
faculty of storing up large quantities of fat.4
1 Chlorosphxra is included by Q. S. West (Britith Freshwater Algae, p. 202) and some other authorities in the
genus Pleurococciu, which is not in agreement with the views of Klebs, Artari, Wille, Oltmanns, etc.
* Klebs, "Ob. d. Organisation einiger Flagellatengruppen, etc.," Unters. Hot. Inst., Tubingen, 1881-85, p. 343 ;
Artari, Untert. iib. Enturickl. u. Syst. einiger Protococcoideen, Diss., Moscow, 1892, p. 35.
3 Of. Artari, foe. til., p. 36.
4 Storage of fat is also found in Pleurococcut rufescens (Kiitz.), Brsi<liury to them. Among the latter is a very striking unicellular
organism, whirh I regard as the type of a new genus, Scotiella.1 I have observed
two species of this genus, one of which (S. antarctica, n. sp.) is very much commoner
in the yellow snow than the other, of which indeed only very few individuals were
seen. Specimens of S. antarctica were always to be found to the number of several
in every sample of yellow snow examined (<;/" PI. II., phots. 1, G). The most prominent
feature of this organism lies in the possession of six longitudinal wing-like extensions
(briefly referred to as " the wings " in the subsequent description) of the wall, which
run in a perfectly straight manner from one end of the oval cell to the other (PL I.,
figs. 7-11). The six wings are placed at equal intervals round the circumference of
the cell, so that they form angles of 60" with one another ; this is very well seen in
individuals viewed from the end (i.e. in optical section, PL I., fig. 1 1), which have a very
characteristic stellate appearance. Ordinarily, however, the cells are seen from the side,
their general shape being oval, while the wings appear as follows (PL I., figs. 7, 10, 12) :
two of them He flat with reference to the substratum, and present themselves as lateral
extensions (fig. 7, 1 and 2) of the body of the cell, each of them about one half the
width of the latter; two further wings, i.e. those projecting towards the observer (fig. 7,
3 and 4), appear as arched lines running over the surface of the cell from one end to the
other and most obvious at a high focus, whilst at a lower focus two other longitudinal
arched lines (representing the pair of wings running on the under side of the cell) are
visible.* In no case have I observed more or less than six wings. The actual behaviour
of the wings at the two ends of the individual proved rather difficult to determine, but
I think there can be no doubt that they run as follows : — It appears that one pair of
opposite wings (which may be termed the principal wings) runs equatorially round the
oval cell as a uniform expansion of the body (1 and 2 in figs. 7, 8, 9, and 11, p.w. in
fig. 8), this expansion being rather wider at the sides than at the two ends of the cells.
In the other two pairs of wings (lateral wings), the wings of each pair form an angle
of 60* with one another and with the principal wings, these pairs being 3, 4, and 5, 6
in fig. 11.* At the two ends of the cell the wings of each lateral pair become very
slightly arched out, and then dip in suddenly and meet together, so that a kind of
apparent sinus is formed at the two ends on either side of the principal wings (cf. fig. 7,
and especially figs. 8 and 9, which are oblique end-views of S. antarctica, showing only
the course of the wings). The customary position of an individual of S. antarctica is
1 Named after the Stotia, the veasel which conveyed the member* of the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition.
1 Them wings are not shown in any of the figures representing cide-riews of the organism.
1 In an optical section, inch as fig. 11, there is nothing to distinguish the different wings from one another, and
the numbering u purely arbitrary for the purposes of description.
VOL. III. II
106 BOTANICAL RESULTS OF THE SCOTTISH NATIONAL ANTARCTIC EXPEDITION.
with the principal wings parallel to the substratum, as shown in fig. 7 (also PI. II.,
phot. 4) ; in this case, as the figure indicates, the two ends of the cell appear completely
rounded. But not uncommonly individuals are to be found, in which wings 3, 6, or
4, 5 are parallel to the substratum (cf. fig. 10), and in such cases there is a prominent
papillose protrusion at each end of the cell, due to the fact that the principal wings
project further at these ends than do the lateral wings ; a glauce at figs. 7 and 9
should make this quite clear. The wings themselves are solid extensions of the
wall, into which the cell -cavity does not penetrate (cf. fig. 11); they are conical in
section, being broadest where they arise from the main body of the cell, and gradually
narrowing down to a rounded edge (fig. 11). In the side-views of the cell a very faint
stratification of the solid wings could occasionally be observed, especially in stained
preparations. At the middle of its longitudinal course each wing is provided with a
slight but perfectly distinct notch (PI. L, figs. 7, 10, 12 ; PL II., phot. 4), which divides
into two symmetrical halves ; this is an absolutely constant feature. The wings are
quite rigid and stand off stiffly at right angles to the surface of the cell ; in a drop
of water the cells can be made to roll over and over without any apparent bending
of the wings taking place.
The cell-contents of S. antarctica were very difficult to decipher. It has been
impossible to make out any details as to the shape of the chloroplast, which, however,
appears to be single. Staining with iodine or haematoxylin sometimes brings out a
small round body (figs. 11 and 13), which . may be either a nucleus or pyrenoid,
probably the latter. As a general rule, very little or no starch was demonstrable in the
cell-contents, although occasional cells contained quite a lot. The abundant presence
of the yellowish-white fat in the contents makes them astonishingly similar to those
of ddorosphsera antarctica. As in the latter case, the distribution of the fat shows con-
siderable diversity. The contents mostly occupied the whole body of the cell, and in
such cases the granular protoplasm is found in the middle, and a cap of fat at each end
of the cell-cavity ; commonly these two caps of fat are roughly equal in size and more
or less concavo-convex in shape, the concave side having an irregular outline, and being
directed towards the granular protoplasm in the centre of the cell. In other individuals
two additional lumps of fat on either side of the cell occurred together with the other
two masses. In some individuals, finally, the whole of the protoplasm was obscured by
the fat, such cells presenting an opaque, yellowish-white, and homogeneous appearance.
Owing to the very marked similarity of the cell-contents in Scotiella antarctica and
Chlorosphsera antarctica, I was at one time inclined to regard the large isolated cells of
the latter as resting-stages of the Scotiella. This view seemed to obtain additional
support from the fact that now and again an individual of S. antarctica is to be found in
which the contents appear rounded off (PI. I., fig. 16), and look very similar to a large
Chlorosphasra-cell (except for the absence of the mucilage-envelope). There is, however,
a good deal that speaks against such an assumption. In the first place, it would appear
as though the Scotiella forms resting-cells of a rather different type (cf. fig. 15 and the
FRKSHWATKR ALOA OK Mil KM IN "HKM.Va HI?
sulwequcni ill •-< Tuition). Tin -TV i>. further, an absence of connecting-stages between tin-
ii!, .lln -in.livi.lual ami I lie ( 'lilorotpfuem- cells (saving such a stage u is shown
in li^'. 16). An.l. l.i.-tly, i In- <'/./«. ,*ph*ra -cells, as a box.- mentioned, are of very diverse
• hint MM. .u-. whereas the in /.«• «•!' tin- N« •••li-lln individuals is small ; and I have
i in. t \nli any small enough to give rise to restiug-cells of the «liin< unions f.uin.l
in tin- .small;i<l in moat cases, that only a <r<- d-v-Tipii ..... -an I..- -ji .-n. Tin- .-.-IN
are oval, and of HN ni: M..J.I: ..» mi BOOTfl "|;KM vs
general shape and the cell-content* are often quite identical, there being two
terminal ^luhuK-s » fat with intermediate granular protoplasm (fig. 27); a pyrenoid
could not !»• niaili ..ut. These cells, however, differ from those of C. breviipina in
three prominent respects: they are always of smaller dimensions (length, 13-15 M),
tin v have a perfectly smooth, rather thin meniliraue devoid of spines, and the enda are
i •ominonK more or less pointed (fig. 27) and n«-, i miiaded off to such a marked extent
as is the case in C. brtvispina (cf. even fig. 28 with tigs. 25, 26). Were it not for the
tlitlVrence of shape and the absence of all intermediate stages, these cells might be
regarded as young individuals of the latter ; but as it is, this view is scarcely permissible.
Similar though somewhat larger cells appear to have been observed by Lugerheim ' in
red snow from Mount iV-hindm in Ecuador; he suggests that they may belong to some
member of the Volvocinea-. It seems much more likely, however, that they represent
a species of Oocyttis. In one or two cases a considerable number (about sixteen) of
these cells was observed lying within a common mucilaginous investment, which would
point to some species like Oocystis lacustris, Chod., or O. glaocystiformi», Borge.
There are further resemblances to O. lacustris in the pointed shape of the cell, in the
(probably?) single chloroplast, and in the occurrence of oil-drops in the latter species ;*
also in the very feeble thickening of the ends of the cells in O. lacustris* a feature
which is much more pronounced in other species of the genus. For these reasons 1 am
inclined to regard the cells shown in figs. 27 and 28 as merely a form (f. nivalis) of
O. lacustris, Chod., characterised by the prominent storage of fat;4 the cells, which
Lagerheim observed, may possibly belong to the same species.
(h) SPH^ROCYSTIS SCHROETEBI, Chod., f. nivalis, n. f..(Pl. II., phot 2, S).
In sample No. 3 of the yellow snow an organism (text fig. 1, F and 6, p. 122) was
very abundant, which seems to be referable to the genus Sph&rocystis of Chodat.* This
form consists of larger or smaller groups of round or oval cells (text fig. 1, F), green
in colour and with granular contents, embedded in very soft mucilage, the outline of
which is often irregular, but sometimes roughly circular (particularly in the case of the
smaller colonies). The cells arc separated by considerable intervals from one another,
and mostly show a very uniform distribution (text fig. 1, F); the intervening mucilage
is quite structureless and invisible. Each cell has a delicate bounding membrane of its
1 Lagerheim, "Schueeflorm de* Pichincha," Btr. Dtvtxk. Bot. Get., x., 1888, p. 5*5, footnote 2 : "Zahlreiche ovale
Zellen,6-10p dick and 10-90 p l»ng, welche grtinen Intuit and an den Endenjeeinen zuweilen rothlicben (Eltropfen
fuhrten. Sie lagen itiinier iaoliert und konnten nicht zur Entwiekelnng gebracht warden.*
1 Cf. Chodat, " Etodes de Biologic lacurtre," Bull. Herbitr RoMtr, v., 1897, p. 296 ; also Alyut* twrto i* la Strittt,
Berne, 1902, p. 190, fig. 106.
1 Chodat'* figure* in most caie* give very little indication of thi* thickening, which wai not to be found in the
Antarctic specimen*. The latter may poaribly have been relatively yoong individuals, a view which ii rapported by
the thinnew of the wall*. • See also p. 124.
* Chodat, " Etude* de Biologic laeiutre," Bull. Hirbitr Baiuitr, v., 1897, pp. 292-295, pL ix. ; alw AlguH twto it la
SMUM, Berne, 1909, pp. 114, 116, fig. 63. According to O. a West (/<mrn. Linn. Soe., Bat., xixix., 1909, pp. 76, 76)
Sftaeroeyilu tckrotUn, Chod., and Tiinupora laeuttru. Umm., are lynonymou* (cf. alto Chodat, Alg. vtrttt, p. 1 15).
VOL. III. 16
114 BOTANICAL RESULTS OF THE SCOTTISH NATIONAL ANTARCTIC EXPEDITION.
own ; the shape of the cells is mostly spherical, but sometimes slightly oval, and a kind
of colourless beak is often to be seen on one side. In a few cases, especially after
staining with iodine or gentian violet, it appeared as though there were a pair of short
cilia arising from this beak and attached close together. All attempts to obtain clearer
preparations were, however, unsuccessful, and the presence of cilia in the Antarctic
form must therefore remain doubtful. I have been able to make out only very little
of the cell -contents ; a small round body (probably a pyrenoid) can generally be
detected, and there was commonly a small colourless area beneath the beak at the front
end of the cell, but the chloroplast could not be properly deciphered. The cell-contents
frequently contain starch, but fat was generally completely absent in these colonies.
Apart from the normal colonies just described, two other kinds of colonies were
observed. Firstly, such as showed many or all of the cells in process of bipartition ;
and, secondly, colonies in which most or all of the cells had their contents divided up
into a considerable number of smaller cells (generally about eight). The latter have a
very characteristic appearance (fig. 1, G), and are on the whole commoner than the
other two types. The small cells in these colonies are often distinctly ovoid and
pointed at one end. They are generally more or less filled with the all-pervading fat,
which appears to arise in the cells of the normal colony at the time of their division ; for
whereas the cells of the normal colony are, as above mentioned, quite devoid of fat,
occasional colonies are to be found in which the cells contain considerable quantities of
fat, and in these one or other of the cells are always in process of division.
The genus Sphserocystis was described by Chodat1 in 1897; subsequently Wille 2
endeavoured to identify S. schroeten, Chod., with Glceococcus rimcosus, A. Br.,3 a view
that was opposed by Chodat in a later paper,4 mainly on the grounds of the marked
difference in size of the colonies in the two genera and the absence of cilia in his form.
There seems, however, to be some evidence for the synonymy of the two genera,
although the species are not necessarily identical ; for the present they are probably
best kept distinct Chodat failed to observe the cilia on the cells embedded in
mucilage, stating definitely "pas de pseudo-cils " ; Wille does not say whether he
observed them, although, as he makes no negative statement, it is to be presumed that
he did.6 Wille 6 describes as especially characteristic a clear space having the shape
1 Chodst, foe. cit.
2 Wille, " Algologische Notizen, xii., Uber GUeococcus mucosui, A. Br.," Nyt Magazin f, Naturvidenskab, xii., 1903,
pp. 163-166.
* Cf. A. Braun, Betracktungen uber die Erscheinung der Verjiingwig in der Natur, Leipzig, 1851, p. 169 (Eng. trans.
by A. Henfrey, 1853, p. 159) ; also A. Braun, " Uber Chytridium, etc.," Abhandl. Kgl. Ak. d. Wins., Berlin, 1866,
pi. v., figs. 5-20.
4 " Quelques points de nomenclature algologique : I. Sphserocystis, Chod. ou Gloeococcue, A. Braun ? " Bull. Herbier
Boisner, 2nd ser., iv., 1904, p. 233.
* There is also no mention of the cilia in Wille's description of Olceococcus in Engler-Prantl, Die Natiirl. Pflan-
zenfam., Nachtr. z. 1 Teil, 2 Abteil., Leipzig, 1909, p. 18.
6 Wille, " Algologische Notizen, xii.," loc. cit., p. 165. This space is here, probably as a result of a misprint, described
a» occurring in the back part of the cell ("im hinteren Teile der Zelle"). Cf. however fig. 6, A (p. 19), in Engler-
I'rantl, he. cit.
i 1:1 -n\ AII:U AL(J.+: OK Tin: -Tin ORKVK1 115
"t" an inverted fiinm-1 ( " vrkclirt kriebterfbmugtr Raum") at the front end of the
(•••11. Tins, I believe, coincides with the eolourleM area bcneuth the beak in the cell*
of the yellow snow form, although my material was not suiliciently well preserved to
enable me to make out its exact simp. . Apart from this, however, the Antarctic form
agrees also in other respects with tin- nv TI.I; i : TIIK SOUTH < - 117
vegetative repn>duction .•!' tlii', form, the threads breaking into two halve*, each of
which has at first one |>ointo«l and ••n-- rounded end. The stage shown in my fig
undoubtedly shows one of tin- product* of such a division. Subsequently, according to
Lagerheiin, the round end grows out into a new km- lik>- point. Most of the individuals
found in the yellow snow were of narrower dimensions than I .:!•_•• rli.-im's form, and the
cells were ratli-T Linger (fig. 33) ; l>ut filaments were found here and there i|uite agree-
ing with /{'ijiliidonema nivale, Lagerb., and there is no reason to regard the forms in
the yellow snow as distinct from this species.
In his recent revision of the green alg» Wille1 includes Lagcrheim's Raphidotiema
in the genus R-tphidinm. Kut/.. ( ~ Ai<k-istrode*mus, Corda) ; this is in agreement with
Chodat's earlier view.* It seems a little questionable, however, whether this is really
warranted. Tin- typical species of the genus Raphidinm are unicellular or colonial
forms, in which reproduction is effected by transverse division of tin- contents (frequently
into four), followed by elongation of the segments, so that they ultimately come to lie
side by side as a munU-r of daughter-individuals within the mother-cell (so-called auto-
spore-dtivelopmeut). This has not been observed in Rafkidontma iiiivtle. On the
other hand, although septate /^/yi/m/i'iin<l;iiit a development as yellow snow.1 The
number of species present is also smaller. «»n tin- whole sample 4 was richer in
individuals than cither 5 or 6, and showed a somewhat ditfen-ni constitution. Nearly
all the forms present were in tin- ivMmi: condition, so that some doubt attaches to
certain determinations. Th<- samples <.f n .1 .-now inc-lu-lr.l a <;ood deal of non-algal
matti-r, such as hairs, starch grains, pollen grains of /Warison with the Horn of the y«-lluv snow we have to note certain similarities
ami certain differences. Among the former we may reckon the occurrence of character-
istic forms of the ydlow snow flora, such as S<-"tif//tnt>n-<-t«-<t, K. K. Fritsch, and
Raphidonema nivale, Lagerh. The former was found only in .-.miplcs 5 and G,
especially in the latter; the number of individuals was small, but those present were
•..•eptionally large size (length of cell about 55^). They appea red to contain the
same yellowish fat an in the yellow snow forms; no resting-stages were observed.
The /{< i/>l<i < lonema was quite common (especially in sample 4), and in this out
agreed absolutely with Lagerheim's description. Apart from fragments of an
(Edogonium it was the only filamentous form present
There are two marked differences from the yellow snow flora. These are (n) the
immense preponderance of red spherical cells, no doubt constituting the resting-cells
of different members of Chlamydomonadaceaj (see below), ami (l>) the occurrence of
various diatoms in all three samples. The resting-cells are of two chief types, viz.
with and without a broad mucilage-sheath. The latter type are circular, with a
smooth, somewhat thickened membrane and granular contents, with a central pyrenoid
(text fig. 1, A, p. 122); the diameter of these cells varies between 10 and 20 M. The
red colouring matter in the contents had Wen for the greater part taken up into the
preserving fluid, and the cell-contents appeared colourless or slightly greenish ; it is
therefore impossible to say what the exact colour of these cells was in nature. A
considerable quantity of fat was often present in these resting-cells. They recall very
markedly the resting-cells (aplanospores) of Chlamydomonas nii-alis (Sommerf.), Wille
( = Sph#rella nivalis, Sommerf.), as figured by Witt rock.1 As very few other stages of
this alga were found, the determination must, however, remain somewhat doubtful.
In one or two cases subdivision of the contents into a number of parts was observed,
but this, of course, scarcely aids in determining the species.
The second type of resting-cell (observed only in sample 4) closely resembles the
other type except that the cells are surrounded by a broad sheath of mucilage often about
two to three times the width of the cell in diameter (<-f. text fig. 1, C, p. 122') ; in many
cases the mucilage was of a deep red colour, probably owing to the colouring matter of
the cell having diffused out and stained the mucilage under the influence of the preaenr-
i '/. »l«o the remark* on the distribution of red and yellow mow cited on p. 99, from Dr R. N. Rud
Brown'* letter*.
* Wiurock, lot. cii., tab. iii., fig. 1.
1 The mucilage-sheath wa* often eontidwabljT broader than U ihown in this figure.
120 BOTANICAL RESULTS OF THE SCOTTISH NATIONAL ANTARCTIC EXPEDITION.
ing fluid. This deeply-coloured mucilage made details of the enclosed cell difficult
to determine, but so much could be seen that it has a moderately thickened wall and
granular contents ; a pyrenoid (?) was only very rarely visible. Numerous small particles
were generally adhering to the surface of the mucilage, and this still further obscured
the enclosed cell. The resting-cells of the second type were far less numerous than
those of the first. They appear to correspond to cells observed by Lagerheim,1 and
referred by him to Chlamydomonas, sp. ; similar cells were noticed by Wittrock.2 I
am unable to add to our knowledge of these cells, and have consequently merely
described them in the systematic portion of this paper as Chlamydomonas, sp. (?). In-
asmuch as these cells are of about the same dimensions as the smaller resting-cells of
the first type (described above), and as the two kinds of cells occur side by side, they
may be merely different stages of the same organism.
Apart from the forms hitherto mentioned, the only other constituents of the red
snow from the South Orkneys are diatoms, which are, however, found only as isolated
individuals (Melosira sol, Kiitz., Coscinodiscus radiatus, Ehrb., etc.). It seems
probable that only the red resting-cells above described and the Raphidonema are
true components of this flora, and that the remaining forms are introduced by the
agency of wind and (?) animals (possibly the penguins). The Scotiella is perhaps an
introduction from the yellow snow flora (which is sometimes not very far separated
from the red snow, cf. p. 99), while the diatoms (which are in great part marine forms)
probably come from the seashore.
The complete list of algse found in the red snow from the South Orkneys is
as follows : —
Clilamydomonas nivalis (Sommerf.), Wille (1). Melosira sol, Kiitz.
„ sp. (cf. above). Coscinodiscus radiatus, Ehrb.
Scotiella antarctica, F. E. Fritsch. Navicula borealis (Erhb.), Kiitz.
RaphiJonema nirale, Lagerh. Amphora ovalis, Kiitz.
CEdogonium, sp. Triceratium, sp. (T. arcticum, Bright?).
Zygnema, sp. (one filament).
D. SYSTEMATIC ENUMERATION OF FRESHWATER ALG^E
FROM THE SOUTH ORKNEYS.
A. ISOKONT^l.
CHLAMYDOMON ADAGES.
1. CHLAMYDOMONAS CADDATA, Wille, Algol. Not., xi., Nyt Magazin f. Natur-
videnskab, xli., 1903, pp. 115-118 and 135-136, pi. iii., figs. 4-11 (PI. 1., figs. 35-40).
Samples 10 and 11, abundant; also as a rare form in the yellow snow.
This and the following species are the only forms found in the material from the South
1 Lagerheim, Her. Denttch. Bot: Get., x., 1892, pp. 523, 529, pi. xxviii., fig. 10.
2 Wittrock, " Om snons och isens Flora," loc. cit.
FRESHWATER ALO* OF THE SOUTH ORKNEYS. 121
Orkneys that \.-rv obviously preserved in nn active, motile condition. Tin- promim-m
features of this species, as describe (figs. 37, 38), which is often somewhat bent to one
(flu- INI), tin- fact thai tin- two cilia are about «|»al in length to the body of the cell,
and that the strongly tlm k- n«-d base of the chloroplast contains a median rounded
l>r. noid (figs. 37, 38). There can be no doubt that the individuals observed belong
to thia species, although one or two minor points of difference were noted. The cilia
were frequently found to be as much as one and a third times the length of the cell
(not shown in the figures) ; they were nearly always curved back or spread out at right
angles to the body of the cell (figs. 37, 38), as Wille shows them. The size of the
ordinary individuals varies considerably ; length - 13-20 M, breadth = 7-10 M, but some
of the dividing individuals are much larger. The pointed posterior end, as a general
rule, lies in the same straight line as the axis of the individual, but bending was not
uncommon. The cell-membrane is almost invariably much more prominently thickened
at the pointed posterior end, and not uncommonly individuals are found in which the
whole of the pointed portion consists of solid membrane (fig. 39). In many cases
(cf. Wille, loc. cit.) the posterior part of the protoplasmic contents is also pointed
and in the living individual probably in direct contact with the pointed cell-wall,
alt hough in preserved material generally separated from it by a space (cf. how-
ever fig. 38). But in a considerable number of individuals, the back end of the
protoplasmic body was rounded off and separated by a marked interval from the
pointed tip ; it seems that this may be a preliminary to cell-division, as all dividing
individuals were found to have the protoplast rounded off in this way (cf. fig. 35).
Many examples of division (from the presence of two pyrenoids in the cell up to
the formation of two daughter-individuals, fig. 35) were observed ; in all cases such
divisions were longitudinal and took place after withdrawal of the cilia. Curious
division-stages were found in the form of very large individuals (in this case with
or without cilia) containing a considerable number (eight or more) of protoplasmic
units, each with a pyrenoid (fig. 36) ; such individuals may possibly have been
forming gametes. The prominent beak at the point of origin of the cilia, described
and figured by Wille, was often difficult to recognise. On the other hand, in a few
cases there was a very pronounced development of this beak (fig. 40) in the form
of a rounded protrusion, from the base of which the cilia arose. Apart from these
peculiarities, the Antarctic form showed all the features described by Wille, viz.
ribbing of the basin-shaped chloroplast, an elongated stigma (rarely visible), con-
tractile vacuoles, etc.
2. CHLAMYDOMONAS KIIHKNBKKGII, Gorosch., Bull. Soc. imp. d. Nat. de Moteou,
1890, No. 3, p. 128-131, pi. iii., figs. 10-25.
Samples 10 and 11, common.
Probable zygospores observed in sample 1 1.
VOL. ill. ie
122 BOTANICAL RESULTS OF THE SCOTTISH NATIONAL ANTARCTIC EXPEDITION.
3. ? CHLAMYDOMONAS INTERMEDIA, Chod., Alg. Suisse, 1902, p. 135.
Samples 10 and 11, rather common.
I am somewhat doubtful about the determination of this form.
4. CHLAMYDOMONAS NIVALIS (Sommerf.), Wille, Algol. Notizen, xi., Nyt Magazin
f. Naturvidenskab, xli., 1903, pp. 147-148 (text fig. 1, A).
Samples 4-6 (red snow !), common.
Cf. description on p. 119; as suggested by Chodat, Wille, etc., these resting-
cells may include Lagerheim's C. sanguined. Diam. of resting-cells = 10-20 M.
E
TBXT FIGURE 1.
A, CKlamydomonas nivalis (Sommerf. ), Wille, resting-cells from the red snow ( x 1100) ; B, Navicula muticopsis,
V. Heurck, outline of an individual from sample 11 to show shape ( x 1030) ; C, Chlamydomonas, sp., resting-cells from the
red snow (cf. p. 119) (xllOO); D, resting-cells from the yellow snow (cf. p. 118) ( x 830) ; E, upper figure, Microcystis
merismopedioida, n. sp., surface-view of colony (cf. p. 130) ( x 1100) ; lower figure, typical colony of the same ( x 540) ;
F, Sphsrocystis schroeteri, Chod., f. nivalis, n. f. from the yellow snow ( x 540) ; G, the same, showing division of cells of colony
( x 830) ; H, Colostrum microporum, Naeg., f. irregulars, n. f. (cf. p. 126) ( x 1100).
5. CHLAMYDOMONAS, sp. (text fig. 1, C).
Sample 4 (red snow !), rather common.
Resting-cells in a wide sheath of mucilage ; diam. of cell alone = 9-10 M ; of cell and
mucilage = 20-28 n (see also pp. 119-120).
PHACOTACEjE.
6. PTEROMONAS NIVALIS (Shuttelw.), Chod., Alg. Suisse, 1902, p. 145, fig. 70 ; Wille,
Algol. Notizen, xiii., Nyt Magazin f. Naturvidenskab, xli., 1903, p. 167-171, pi. iii.,
;. 46-51 (PI. I., figs. 22-24 and 31).
Flil->ll\ A'lT.ll A JQJR OF Till -'I HI nUKMYs |23
Samples 1-3 (yellow snow!), isolated.
This sjK?ciea should probably !»• transfrrn-d to the genus ScotielUt (.•/' pp. 109-111).
nf iiiilivi.ltials •_"_' a ; breadth = I '2 ft.
TMTMASPOMAOMM
7. SPH.*ROCY8TI8 3CHROETKRI, Chad., Bull. Herbver Bousier, v., 1897, p. 296,
pi. ix.
Forma HIIYI/M, n. f. (text fig. 1, F-G ; PL II., phot 2, S (cf. pp. 113-115)).
Familiae microscopicie forum puulo irrcgulariore quam in specie typica ; cellulee ante
divisionem reserv.mt abundaiitiam ndipis, qui invenitur in cellulis filialibus ; cellular
sunt saepe ellipsoideae. Diam. cell. = 7-12 M ; diam. cell. fit. = 2-3 M.
Samples 1 and 3, especially common in the latter.
PROTOCOCCACK&.
8. CHLOROSPH/KRA ANTARCTICA, n. sp. (PI. I., figs. 2-6 ; PI. II., phots. 1, 3, 5, 6, C).
Cellule aut raagnte .spli:i-ri< -a- sinirulte aut parvae, paulum angulares, in familias
parvas consociatto ; celluhe magna; et intenlum ccllulac par vie vagina iiiucoaa ampin
inuniUu ; membrana modice incrassuta, plcrumque prtebentes duo strata ; cliromatophora
fere sphterica cum foraminc parvo in una pnrte ; ndcps semper atle.st abundans in
cellulis ; puucw granuUe amylaceue plerumquc adsunt. Propugatio per divisionem ;
zoosporas non inveni. Diam. max. cellulao magnae = 43 n ; diam. min. cell, parviu — 7 M
(omnes transitiones inter duas dimensioues) ; diam. cell, plerumque - 1 1 M-26 M ; diam.
vaginae mucosie = 39-50 M (cell, pertincntes = 26-28 M).
Probably nearly allied to C. angulosa, Klebs. (cf. p. 104).
Samples 1-3 (yellow snow !), very abundant.
For full consideration, see pp. 103-104.
9. TROCHISCIA HYSTRIX (Reinsck), Hansg., Hedwigia, 1888, p. 129; Reiiisch,
Uber Acanthococau, Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges., 1886, p. 241, tab. xi., fig. 25.
Sample 10, rare; previously recorded from South Georgia (Reinsch).
10. TROCHISCIA RETICULARIS (ReinscK), Harwg., Prodr. Algenftora, v. Bdhmen, il,
1892, p. 241.
Sample 10, rather common.
A small form of this species ; diam. cell. = 10 M.
11. TROCHISCIA ANTARCTICA, n. sp. (PI. I., fig. 30).
Cellulae sphaerica3 solitariae cum membrana crassa gelatinosa numerosis processibus
i-iuii-atis truncatis obtectaa et junctis reticulo costarum ; chromatophorae ? ; cellulae cum
cytoplasmate granuloso, semper granulas amylaceas et intenlum aliquantum adipis
iiK-ludente. Propagatio? Diam. cell. = 10-13 M ; crassitude membrane* 2-3 M.
124 BOTANICAL RESULTS OF THE SCOTTISH NATIONAL ANTARCTIC EXPEDITION.
Samples 1-3 (yellow snow !), fairly common.
Probably nearly allied to T. reticularis (Reinscb), Hansg. For full consideration,
see p. 116.
12. TROCHISCIA NIVALIS, Lagerh., Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges., x., 1892, p. 530, and
pi. xxviii., fig. 23 (PI. L, fig. 29).
Sample 11, rare.
The individuals were rather smaller than those described by Lagerheim (diam.
cell. = 10 M), but as in his form covered with very numerous minute spines; one (or
more ?) pyrenoids were visible in every case. There appear to be several chloroplasts.
13. TROCHISCIA PACHYDERMA (Reinsch}, Hansg., Hedwigia, 1888, p. 128; Reinsch,
tjber Acanthococcus, Ber, Deutsch. Bot. Ges., 1886, p. 240, tab. xi., figs. 8-9.
Samples 10 and 11, fairly common.
SOENEDESMACE/E (seusu Oltmanns).
14. OOCYSTIS LACUSTRIS, CJtod., Bull. HerUer Boissier, v., 1897, p. 296, and
pi. x., fig. 1-7.
Forma nivalis, n. f. (PI. I., figs. 27, 28).
Poli cellularum rotundati vel acuti ; in cellula aliquantum adipis flavi. Long. cell. =
13-15 n; lat. cell. = 9-10 M.
Samples 1-3 (yellow snow !), rare.
This form has been fully considered on pp. 112-113.
15. OOCYSTIS SOLITARIA, Wittr. in Wittrock et Nordstedt, " Alg. aquae dulc. exsicc,"
No. 244, Bot. Notiser, 1879, p. 24 and fig.
Sample 11, rare.
Cells ellipsoidal in shape, with rounded ends ; membrane moderately thick, with
apparently two layers, slightly thicker at the two ends of the cell ; cells generally
solitary, but now and again to the number of about eight within a mother-cell. Fat
generally present in the cell-contents. Length of cells = 16-20 M ; width = 13 M.
16. CHODATELLA BREVISPINA, n. sp. (PI. I., figs. 25, 26; PI. II., phots. 3, 5. Gli).
Cellulse ellipsoideae plus minusve complaiiatae setis brevibus quae non amplius bis
crassitudine membranse cellulae exstaut per totam superficiem externam confcrtae ; setae
plerumque tenues et angustae, interdum paulo crassiores, aequilongae ; inter ea quae
cellula continet semper est adeps, plerumque abundans, saepe similis duobus globis in
utroque fine cellulae. Long, cell. = 17-20 M ; lat. cell. = 10-15 /«.
Samples 1 and 3 (yellow snow !), common ; isolated in sample 10.
This species differs from all hitherto described species of Cfiodatella in having very
short spines, which cover the surface uniformly. A full consideration will be found
on pp. 111-112.
I i;l>ll\ viT.K i-.i '.-I Ml) SOUTH OMOTB1 125
.
S, .iMK.I.I Ml |H
Cellula- el. • in utroque tino rotundaUu processibus alwformilniH plus minusve
longitii'ltii:ilil>iis sex nut mult i- muiiita) ; ala» suut aut rectie aut undulatoj ; chroma-
t'>|i!ir.iiii siiiirularem esse probabile est, cum pyrciioide ; abundantia e«t adipis in una
.sp.-.-ie. Propagatio subdiviaione cellula) immutatiu aut sponc perdurantis in paucas
partes verisimilc est Sporo perdurantes cum tnenibrnnis valde iucrassatis trans-
tiu'iiratintic r.-llularum vulgarium formari videntur.
This genua is certainly a close ally of Oocystis (. I OH). I think it very probable
that Pteromoruu nivalis (Shuttlw.), (.'hod., is a species of this genus (
instructa). Unus par alarum oppositarum (alaj principales) extenditur continuus circa
eelliilam ; duo alii pares alarum (alie laterales) sej>arati suut alis principalilxis, et ab
utroque fine .•••Hula- paulum exstautes introrsura subito curvantur, ita ut in utroque fine
rellulw sinus formatus ease videatur (cf. fig. 8 et 9). Ala qutoque habet mediam
incisuram propriain speciei. Cellula continct inultum adipis Harentis ; cytoplasmatis
structura investigari non |*otest. Spora* peidimotOI I'uni incnil>nina crassa et undulata
sunt formata) metamorphosi (rclliilariiin vulgarium. 1'ropagatio (?) subdivisioM ct-llula1
immutatnj aut aponc perdurantis in paucas partes possibile videtur. Ix>ng. cell, ab
alter.) fine ad alterum = 43-49 M (interdura 55 M) ; lat veri corporis cell. » 16-21 M;
lat. totius cell. (i.e. cum alia) = 28-30 M (interdum 42 M).
Samples 1-3 (yellow snow!), 5 and 6 (red snow!), 9, 11, and 15; rather common
in yellow and red snow, rare in the other samples. Largest individuals in red snow.
A full description and consideration of this species will be found on pp. 105-108.
18. SCOTIRLLA POLYPTERA, n. 8p. (PI. I., figs. 18-21).
Cellula) late ellipsoideir, paulo lougiores quam sunt lata.-, magno numero alarum
imil to minus exstantium "mont, OscillarMa, Ann. Set. Nat., Hot., xvi..
p. 24'.». pi. vii., tigs. 14-15.
Sample 10, rather rare.
17. i isi IM.ATORIA SPLKNDIDA, Grer. ; Gomont, OsciUarMe*, Ann, Set. Nat., Bot., xvi.,
l«. •_'»». pi. vii., figs. 7-8.
Sample 10, rather rare.
48. OSCILLATORIA scBTinssiyA, Kiitz., Tab. Phyc., i., 1845-49, p. 27, tab. xxxviii.,
fig. 7.
Sample 10, rather rare.
49. OSCILLATORIA TKNDIS, Ag. ; Gomont, OscillarMca, Ann. Set. Nat., Bot., xvi.,
p. 240, pi. vii., figs. 2, 3.
Samples 10, 11, and 15, rather rare.
Forma sordida, Kiitz., was also present.
50. SPIRULINA SUBTILISSIMA, Kntz., Phyc. gen., 1843, p. 183 ; Rabenh., Fl. Europ.
Alg., ii., 1865, p. 93 ; Gomont, OsciUari&t, p. 272, pi. vii., fig. 30.
Sample 10, rather common.
NOSTOCACE&.
51. ISOCYSTIS INP08IONUM (Kiitz.), Bora, Nuov. (jwoj-n. bot. ital., x., 1878, p. 4G8.
Samples 8, 11, 13, 15, and 17, rather common.
52. Nosroc MINUTISSIMOM, Kiltz., Phyc. gen., p. 204 : Rabenh., Fl. Europ. Alg.,
ii., 1865, p. 162.
Samples 10 and 11, rather common ; 1 and 3 (yellow snow !), rare.
RlVULARIACEsE.
53. CALOTHRIX .*RUGINEA, Thuret ; Bornet et Flahault, Nostocac&s hetfrocystbt,
1886-88, p. 358.
Sample 14, isolated.
Diam. cell =9-11 M. Only one group of filaments was seen, and the determination
is therefore somewhat doubtful. C. seruginea is a marine form, but the habitat from
which sample 14 came would be likely to harbour marine forms.
E. DIATOMAC&E (Bacillariea).
54. MKLOSIRA VARIANS, Ag., Consp., 1830, p. 64; Rabenh., Fl. Europ. Alg., i.
1864, p. 40.
Sample 9, rather rare.
132 BOTANICAL RESULTS OF THE SCOTTISH NATIONAL ANTARCTIC EXPEDITION.
55. MELOSIRA SOL, Kiltz. ; Van Heurck, Atlas, pi. xci., figs. 7-9.
Sample 4 (red snow !) ; one short chain seen (living) ; previously recorded from the
Antarctic (Hooker and Harvey).
56. COSCINODISCUS RADIATUS, Ehrb. (1838); Rabenh., Fl. Europ. Alg., i., 1864,
p. 34.
Samples 4 and 6 (red snow !), isolated ; previously recorded from Kergueleii (Hooker
and Harvey). A small form (diam. valve = 40-60 M), otherwise agreeing with the
existing descriptions.
57. TRICERATIUM, sp.
Sample 4 (red snow !) ; only a single dead individual seen, but fragments of the
valves common.
The single individual seen closely resembled Van Heurck's (Atlas, pi cxii., fig. 1)
and Wolle's (Diatomacese of North America, pi. cv., fig. 8) figures of T. arcticum,
Bright, in the character of the areolse (small at the three corners !) ; the general shape
was more that of T. repletum, Grev., var. balearica, Grun. (Van Heurck, Atlas,
pi. ex., fig. 7).
58. SYNREDRA, sp.
Sample 11, rare.
59. EUNOTIA GRACILIS, W. Smith, Brit. Diat., i., 1853, p. 16, and pi. xxx.,
fig. 249.
Sample 9, rather common.
A form with but very slightly recurved ends ; length of valve = 22 M ; breadth = 2 M.
60. COCCONEIS COSTATA, Greg., Trans. Micr. Journ., v., p. 68, pi. i., fig. 27.
Samples 9 and 10, rare.
61. NAVICDLA BOREALIS (Ehrb.}, Kiltz. ; Van Heurck, Synopsis Diat., 1885,
p. 76, pi. vi., fig. 3.
Samples 4 (rare), 9, 13, and 17, rather common ; previously recorded from Cockburn
Island (Hooker and Harvey).
Length of valve 35-58 M; breadth 8-11 M.
62. NAVICULA BRAUNII, Grun. ; Van Heurck, Synopsis Diat., 1885, p. 79, pi. vi.,
fig- 21.
Sample 10, very rare.
Length of valve = 37 M ; breadth = 12 /u.
63. NAVICULA BREBISSONII, Kiitz., var. DIMINUTA, Van Heurck, Synopsis Diat.,
1885, p. 77, pi. v., fig. 8.
Samples 9, 10, 13, and 15, rather common.
Length of valve = 20-34 M (rarely 45-47 M) ; breadth = 5-7 M.
I I i: l.«;.i: oh Mil. smill eratures
at this time were all between 29° F. and 30° F. The inoculated tubes were, as a rule,
kept at first in the laboratory, where the temperature varied between about 35° F. and
55° F. ; but as it was found that very little growth or denitrification occurred, they were
later transferred to a temperature kept more or less steadily about 60° K.
The following brief notes taken from my notebook regarding a few of these may be
taken as fairly typical of the whole :—
No. 2. Medium B. — Contains a small motile bacillus occurring sometimes in short
chains.
144 BOTANICAL RESULTS OF THE SCOTTISH NATIONAL ANTARCTIC EXPEDITION.
No. 6. Medium C. — Contains short motile bacilli, mostly in pairs, others curved,
longer, and non-motile, a few very long vibrio-like forms, non-motile.
After a week kept in a temperature not much above 32° F. no growth visible.
Transferred to laboratory — 10 days later abundant nitrite ; a week later strong ammonia
reaction ; nitrite still present.
No. 10. Medium H. — Small actively motile bacilli; a few larger forms. Kept in
laboratory. After 12 days trace of nitrite, strong ammonia, After 20 days nitrite all
gone, still strong ammonia.
Nos. 11 and 12. Medium A and medium B (16th Feb. 1903, from 62° 52' S.,
25° 00' W.). — Incubated in laboratory. Trace of nitrite after 8 days. Transferred to
60° F. Strong nitrite and slight ammonia reaction 6 days later. Presence of an
organism resembling Euglena, similar to that in No. 14.
No. 14. Medium A (17th Feb. 1903, from 64° 18' S., 23° 09' W.).— Incubated in
laboratory. After 15 days no nitrite reaction. Transferred to 60° F. In 7 days a
strong nitrite reaction, later also ammonia. No bacilli seen, but numerous rounded
motile bodies with a flagellum, resembling Euglena. Query — Are they nitrate
reducers ? Later a few bacilli were seen.
No. 17. Medium G. — No growth visible after 8 days in laboratory. After 11 days,
at 60° F., five small white colonies appeared, which very slowly grew larger. All
consisted of a coccus, chiefly in diplococcus form.
No. 19. Medium C. — Grown anaerobically by Buchner's method. When opened
after 3 weeks tube contained a few motile bacilli, others non-motile or dead. No
nitrite; no ammonia. Etc., etc.
Growth in the liquid media was usually indicated by its becoming turbid, but this
was always controlled by microscopic examination of hanging-drop preparation. Every-
one made gave + ve growths, including one anaerobically. All save three gave a definite
reaction of nitrite formation when tested with KI, starch, and H2S04. Of these three,
one was an anaerobic culture (the only one made), the other two made from water taken,
not in the open sea but near the head of Scotia Bay, South Orkneys, when we settled
down there for winter quarters. The majority, but not all, gave later a reaction for
ammonia when tested with Nessler's reagent. Medium C, upon the whole, appeared to
be the most suitable medium for these organisms ; but the rate of growth and of
production of nitrite and of ammonia seemed to vary considerably, but it was always
very slow. In no case could I demonstrate any denitrification in tubes kept at a
temperature varying somewhat indeed, but never very much above 32° F. At the
temperature of the laboratory, varying usually between 35° F. and 55° F.,
growth and denitrification was, in most cases, proceeded with very slowly ; but when
incubated at a temperature kept fairly constantly about 60° F., both proceeded more
rapidly, although still slowly compared with results obtained in more temperate seas.
From these observations, therefore, it may be stated that the presence of organisms
with denitrifying properties seems to be fairly constant in the surface waters of the
NOTES ON ANTARCTIC BACTERIOLOGY. 145
WecUlell Sea ; but, judging l>y the results obtained in cultures kept at temperatures
approximating to those constantly prevailing in that sea, and even in those kept at
t- II)|M -ratlin's considerably higher, it seems at least doubtful if much active denitrification
can IK- mrrit-d on by bacteria in those waters. The question of denitrification being
i an led on l.y organisms other than bacteria, such as Euglena, seems possible from three
or four observations (see Nos. 11, 12, and 14 quoted above).
Brandt in particular has pointed out the important rdle played by denitrifying
organisms in marine metabolism, setting free again the great mass of nitrogen which is
brought into the ocean in the form of nitrate, nitrite, and ammonia salts, and breaking
down dead organic matter. He has propounded the view, based on the fact that polar
seas are very rich in plankton, while tropical seas are comparatively poor, that the activity
of denitrifying organisms is far greater in warm seas than in cold, while nit rificat inn,
on the other hand, is probably more active in polar seas. In other words, in polar seas,
owing to the low temperatures, the denitrificrs cannot break down nitrogen-containing
matter to the same extent, so that a richer plant life, and, in consequence, a richer animal
life, can exist in them than in warm seas where the nitrogenous matter is broken down,
often to the extent of liberating free nitrogen.
These investigations certainly tend to support Brandt's views to a considerable
extent The presence of active nitrification could not be substantiated, as is mentioned
further on, nor is it from the observations of Dr Gazert, who also failed to obtain any
evidence of marine nitrifying organisms. The presence of denitrifying organisms, on
the other hand, seems to be widespread in the Weddell Sea, but their activity under
the low temperature conditions prevailing seems to be very slight.
Gazert records fairly similar conditions. Using Bauer's media, which I did not
employ, he found denitrifying organisms to be present in the cold Antarctic waters,
though apparently in very small numbers. With regard to their activity, he found that
at temperatures from 5* C. to 10° C. (40° F. to 50° F.) denitrification proceeded very, very
slowly, but fairly actively between 20" C. and 25° C. (68° F. to 77* F.). Using Gran's
media, however, he does not appear to have obtained denitrifying organisms.
(c) Quantitative I-'. *tii nations of the Bacterial Content of Sea Water.
1. Surface water, 13th Feb. 1903, lat. 59° 43' S., long. 30° 44' W. Medium G
(see under notes on "Denitrifying Organisms"), 1 c.c. of water melted in with
the medium in a Petri dish. Incubated in laboratory, temperature 35° F.
to 55° F.
Result, 170 colonies.
2. Same as No. 1, only incubated at 60° F.
Result, 334 colonies.
3. Surface water, 24th Feb. 1903, lat. 69° 52' 8., long. 17° 22' W. Medium G.
1 ac. of water. Incubated first in laboratory ; later at 60° F.
Result, 35 colonies.
VOL. III. i»
146 BOTANICAL RESULTS OF THE SCOTTISH NATIONAL ANTARCTIC EXPEDITION.
4. Same as No. 3, but medium consists simply of gelatine, 10 grm., sea water
100 c.c. Incubated in laboratory.
Result, 112 colonies.
5. Water from 2000 fathoms, 6th March 1903, lat. 67° 39' S., long. 36° 10' W.
Out of Buchanan- Richard water-bottle. Medium G. Inoculated Petri dish
with 5 '2 c.c. of the water. Incubated at 60° F.
Result, 2 colonies.
Could not absolutely exclude contamination from surface waters. The growths
consisted of small motile bacilli.
6. Water from 2485 fathoms (15 fathoms above the bottom), 6th March 1903,
lat. 67° 39' S., long. 36° 10' W. Out of Buchanan-Richard water-bottle.
Medium G. 5 '3 c.c. water inoculated. Incubated at 60° F.
Result, 1 colony.
Here, also, surface contamination could not be absolutely excluded. The growth
was of a very minute motile bacillus, which produced slight liquefaction of the
gelatine. Sub-culture in medium C was sterile.
Three of the four estimations of surface water, yielding respectively 170, 334, and
35 colonies per c.c. of water, were made on media suitable for denitrifying organisms,
so are not comparable with the results obtained by Dr Gazert and Dr Ekelof, who, on
ordinary media, never obtained more than 21 colonies per c.c., and usually a much
smaller number. One observation made on sea-water gelatine yielded 112 colonies
from 1 c.c. of water. I can offer no explanation for this difference in results. It may
be that the surface water of the open Weddell Sea is really more rich in bacteria than
the waters nearer inshore, such as were examined by Dr Ekelof Those examined by
Dr Gazert, however, cover a much wider area of sea, much of it open ocean. It is not
fair to judge, of course, from one isolated observation, but so far as I am aware there was
no error in my technique, and I can only leave the figure to stand for future corroboration
or disproof.
(d) Examination of Deep-sea Samples for the Presence of Bacteria.
Sixteen samples of bottom mud, bottom water from the Buchanan sounding tube,
and of waters from various intermediate depths from 100 fathoms downwards, taken
from Buchanan-Richard or Nansen-Petersen water-bottles, were examined, all from the
Weddell Sea area. From 5 to 10 c.c. were inoculated in tubes or Petri plates, the media
used being G (chiefly), C, A, and B (see under "Denitrifying Bacteria"). They were
incubated either in the laboratory (temperature 35° F. to 55° F.) or at 60° F. The con-
ditions under which the samples were obtained did not absolutely preclude surface water
contaminations, but the results do not look as if this had occurred, for of the sixteen
only three yielded any growth. Two of these, on medium G, are referred to in more
detail above under " Quantitative Estimations," rather over 5 c.c. of water in each case
yielding respectively 2 colonies and 1 colony. The third was an inoculation of water
Ndl -
AN 1 UCTII BACTI IU«'l "ttlr from a depth of 2550 fathom*, i.e. bottom water
(If.tli M.in-li 1903, Int. 63° 51' 3., long. 41° 50' W.), on medium F (described under
• N untying Organisms"), the only sample tru-.i m this medium. Inoculations of water
from the same sample in m«lia A and B proved sterile, l>ut in K there grew very slowly
a short inutile Imcilliis, occurring singly, in couples, and also in short chains, the chain
formation being more pronounced than in any other marine bacterial growth which I
obtained No ammonia or nitrate was formed in the medium.
Dr Gazert, in waters down to 800 metres deep, found germs absent or very few in
number (from 1 to 3 in 10 c.c.). Bottom-water samples were either sterile or yielded
from 3 to 6 bacteria in 10 c.c. Ooze water, i.f. the layer of water just touching
the bottom, was not so often germ-free. The oozes and muds themselves appear to be
always sterile. Nitrifying and denitrifying organisms were not found in any of his
deep-sea samples.
(e) Examination of Sta Water for Nitrifying Organisms.
The media employed as suitable for the growth of nitrite- and nitrate-forming
organisms were as follows : —
D.
F.
Saltwater
. 100 G.C.
Salt water .
100 c.c.
'K 'i!i'","-
. 0-2 gnn.
. o-i „
NaNO. .
K.HPO. .
O'l giro.
O'Oft „
Mg$O4
• 005 „
Mg804 .
o-os „
C.CO, .
neveral grammes
Na,CO. .
005 „
Five inoculations were made in each medium with surface water from various parts
of the Weddell Sea area, during February 1903, but in no case save one did any growth
occur after incubation at varying temperatures between 32° F. and 60° F. In one
instance a slight growth occurred in an inoculated tube of medium F, but the organism
was evidently a denitrifier and not a nitrifier, for ammonia was found but no nitrate.
One deep-water sample inoculated in medium F also gave a growth, but neither
ammonia nor nitrate was found in this instance (see under " Deep-Sea Samples ").
The conclusion to be drawn seems to be either that nitrifying organisms are not
present in these waters, or that the media employed were not suitable for their growth.
Dr Gazert, using Winogradski's medium (without silicate), also failed to get any
evidence of nitrification going on through the action of bacteria in Antarctic waters.
3. AIR EXAMINATION FOR THK PRESENCE OF BACTERIA.
Several examinations were made by exposing plates of agar and of medium G (for
denitrifying organisms) on the top of the deck laboratory during the voyage in the
Weddell Sea in 1903. These cannot be considered satisfactory, owing to the possibility
148 BOTANICAL RESULTS OF THE SCOTTISH NATIONAL ANTARCTIC EXPEDITION.
of contamination from the ship and from spray. Growths of (apparently) Staphylo-
coccus pyogenes albus and of a yellow coccus, possibly Staphylococcus pyogenes citreus,
were obtained, and also denitrifying organisms.
Examinations made by exposing plates and tubes in the crow's-nest at the top of
the mainmast, during the same period, for as long as 20 hours, proved uniformly sterile.
In winter quarters, during the winter months, agar plates were occasionally exposed for
a few hours on the glacier abutting on the beach at the head of Scotia Bay. No growth
was ever obtained on any of these after incubation. No air examinations were made
during the summer months.
Dr Gazert, at the Gauss's winter quarters, examined the air indirectly by making
cultures from freshly fallen snow. This was invariably found to be sterile.
Dr Ekelof at Snowhill, by exposing Petri plates, found nearly half of his experiments
sterile. Of those in which growths occurred he found on an average that a Petri plate had
to be exposed for two hours for one bacterium to settle on it. He comes to the conclusion
that all the organisms he obtained from the air are impurities carried into it by the
wind from the soil, in which, despite the almost complete absence of organic matter, he
found a fairly abundant bacterial flora.
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