Life in the Antarctic. Sixty photographs by members of the Scottish national Antarctic expedition

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Gowans’s NATURE Books, No. 10 


LirE IN THE ANTARCTIC 


CARSON & NICOL, PRINTERS, GLASGOW. 


BLOCKS BY HISLOP & DAY, EDINBURGH, 


37 


(si7v.snw 3 viaggouanjpg) 
ONIMOTS SHIVH AA YANNIY 


LIFE IN THE 
ANTARCTIC 


Sixty photographs by Members of the Scottish National 
Antarctic Expedition 


aibb AI 


GOWANS & GRAY, rp; 
5 ROBERT STREET, ADELPHI, LONDON, W.C. 
58 CADOGAN STREET, GLASGOW 


1907 


AGENTS FUR THE SALE OF THIS SERIES 


France: A. Perche, 45 Rue Jacob, Paris. 
Germany: W. Weicher, Windmiihlenweg, I. III, Leipzig. 
Switzerland: E. Frankfurter, 12 Grand-Chéne, Lausanne. 
Belgium: Spineux & Cie, 3 Rue du Bots-Sauvage, Brussels. 
Scandinavia: A. & O. Schedin, Lund, Sweden. 
Spain and Portugal: Ferreira & Oliveira, Ld™ Rua do Ouro 32, Lisbon. 
Holland; Kirberger & Kesper and Jacs. G. Robbers, Amsterdam. 

a A, Abrahams, The Hague. 


First Edition, January, 1907. 
Reprinted, February, 1907, May, 1907 
(completing 15,000). 


WE publishers beg to draw particular note to the 
fact that the illustrations in this little book are 
all reproductions of genuine photographs from Life, 
taken by the Leader and Staff of the Scottish National 
Antarctic Expedition, during the voyage of the 
“Scotia,” 1902-1904.  fPractically all of them are 
unique, many of the mammals and birds never having 
been previously photographed. They were taken under 
conditions of climate which make photography extremely 
difficult and often impossible. They are not touched up 
tn any way by the engravers, and may be implicitly 
relied upon as correct representations of the actual 
environments of Antarctic mammals and birds. 
Enquiries as to larger copies of these photographs, etc., 
Should be addressed to the Dtrector, Scottish Oceano- 
graphical Laboratory, Surgeons Hall, Edinburgh. 


(ds 5 nxap¢n50p/) 
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Senor L. H. Valette, Photo. 


CoLLEcTING PEncuins’ Eacs at Scotia Bay. 


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“Russ”? AND PENGUINS R. C. Mossman, Photo. 


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PENGUIN TAKING THE WATER R. C. Mossman, Photo. 


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TAYLAT UNVIDQ ANV SWANS 


Printed in Glasgovw 


Notes on some Antarctic 
Mammals and Birds. 


BY 


a. s.. BO R-U'C-E, FR:SE: 


The Antarctic whales, despite the fact that they are very nume- 
rous and have been often seen, are practically unknown. Some 
authorities attempt to give them specific names, but in view of 
our almost complete ignorance regarding them it is most inadvis- 
able to do so, and only the generic name can be given with any 
degree of certitude. Two species are illustrated, the Southern 
Finner Whale (Salacnoptera australis) and the Humpback 
(Megaptera sp.). 


The Weddell Seal (LefAtonychotes weddelli) is one of the 
common species of Antarctic seals, though it is not many years since 
it was looked upon as one of the rarest of known mammals. It is 
very plentiful near land, but is never found in large numbers far 
from the shore. It is a somewhat lethargic animal, and is never 
fierce except during the breeding season It returns to land to 
breed in the end of August, and soon after that date the young are 
born. By the end of October the young have all left their mothers 
to seek for themselves. An adult Weddell Seal measures up to 
9 feet in length and weighs over 800 lbs. 


The Sea Leopard (Stenorhynchus leptonyx) is the largest and 
fiercest of Antarctic seals, being the only one that ever threatens 
man without provocation, It feeds largely on penguins, in addiiion 
to various invertebrates. Nothing is definitely known regarding its 
breeding habits and haunts; but the Scoffa naturalists saw one 
young sea leopard at the South Orkneys in November, showing 
that the breeding places could not be far distant. The sea leopard 
may attain a length of 13 feet and may weigh up to 1,000 lbs. 


The White Antarctic Seal (Lobodon carcinophaga) is often 
known as the ‘Crab eater,” a somewhat erroneous name, due 
perhaps to its feeding largely ona species of shrimp (Zuphaxsia). 
As to the breeding habits of this animal, we know practically 
nothing. The mottled grey coat of the young becomes a creamy 
white one with a darker stripe down the back as the seal becomes 
adult. The white seal attains over 8 feet in length and about 
500 lbs. in weight. 


The Black-throated or Adelie Penguin (Pygoscelis adelia) 
is the commonest of Antarctic penguins. and has been obtained in 
practically all parts of the Antarctic regions visited. They are 


66 


found in extraordinary numbers at the South Orkneys, a large 
rookery alone containing over a million of birds. The birds return 
to land to nest in October, and early in November the eggs are laid, 
generally two in number, but occasionally three. The nests are 
composed of stones, like those of other penguins. The bird 
averages from 8 to rt lbs. in weight, depending on the season, and 
has a height of about 18 inches. 


The Emperor Penguin (Aftenedytes forstert) is essentially the 
penguin of the far South, and becomes rarer towards the outskirts 
of the Antarctic regions. It is the only bird known that breeds in 
midwinter, building no nest, but carrying its solitary egg between 
its legs on its upturned feet. The Emperor Penguin weighs 70 to 
to 80 lbs., and stands about 3 feet in height. 


The Ringed Penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) is an uncommon 
bird in collections, but the Scotia naturalists have shown that 
the species is extremely abundant in the South Orkneys, 
There are many ‘‘rookeries ” in these islands, some of which are 
tenanted by at least 50,000 birds. This is the boldest of the small 
penguins, attacking fiercely anyone who enters the rookery. The 
nests are built of a few small stones laid loosely on the ground, and 
there is usually a clutch of two white eggs, which are hatched in 
acter: The birds weigh g lbs., and stand about 18 inches in 

eight 


The Gentoo Penguin (Pygoscelis papua) does not penetrate far 
into the Antarctic area, and is most abundant in Subantarctic 
regions. At the South Orkneys and Graham Land it it found in 
smaller numbers than the Adelie and Ringed Penguins. It is the 
most timid of the penguins, and often makes no attempt even to 
defend its eggs. It begins to nest in October, and the eggs are laid 
in November. The nest is built of stones anid a few feathers, and 
is generally a somewhat larger structure than that of the allied 
species. ‘lhe Gentoo Penguin scales about 11 lbs., and its height is 
about 22 inches. 


The Blue-eyed Shag (Phalocrocorax atriceps) may be seen all 
the year round at the South Orkneys, and becomes common in the 
spring. _It isa relatively shy bird and only allows one to approach 
when it is sitting on its eggs. The nests are extremely well built 
structures of moss, lichens, seaweed and feathers. The eggs, two 
in number as a rule, are laid in November. The average weight 
of the bird is 6% Ibs. 


The Southern Biack-Backed or Dominican Gull (Lavus 
dominicanus) ranges from the tropics to the Antarctic circle. It 
returns to the South Orkneys to nest in October, and in the middle 
of November the eggs are laid. The nests, which are generally on 
low lying rocks and beaches, are built of moss, lichens and feathers, 
and while two eggs are usually laid three are not seldom found. 


The Sheathbill or ‘* Paddy’ (CAzonts alja) is the only true 
land bird of the Antarctic. It lives largely on offal, and for this 
purpose haunts the seal and penguin rookertes in spring and 
summer. Nesting begins in October, and the two or three eggs are 
laid in December, The nests are very primitive, being composed of 
egg shells, bones and feathers, and are built in crannies, 


67 


Wilson’s Petrel (Oceanites oceanicus) is one of the most 
widely distributed of all birds ranging from Arctic to Antarctic 
regions. It is one of the well-known ‘‘ Storm petrels.” They are 
entirely absent from Antarctic regions during winter, and do not 
return to the South Orkneysto breed before November. Practically 
no nest is made, the eggs being laid in narrow clefts and furrows of 
the rocks, and often in extremely inaccessible places. Despite its 
wide range the only breeding places known are Victoria and Kaiser 
Wilhelm II. Lands (Antarctica) and Kerguelen and the South 
Orkneys. 


The Cape Pigeon (Daféion capensis) is one of the commonest 
petrels of the southern seas. It breeds on various subantarctic 
islands, but despite this the Sco¢/a naturalists were the first to 
discover its eggs. The pure white egg is laid in a very primitive 
nest composed of a few fragments of rock, but generally placed in 
crannies of the cliffs. October is the month in which breeding 
Starts and the eggs appear in December. 


The Snowy Petrel (Pagedroma nivea) is very abundant in the 
Antarctic regions, and is one of the few birds that remain at the 
South Orkneys during the winter months. It nests on the precipi- 
tous sea cliffs in crevices of the rocks. A single egg is laid early in 
December in a very primitive nest of fragments of rock and pebbles. 


The Giant Petrel (Ossifrage gigantea) is generally known by 
sailors as the ‘‘nelly”’ or ‘‘stinker.” The latter name is due to the 
habit which it shares with other petrels, of ejecting a portion of the 
contents of its stomach on intruders who try to molest it. Its food 
consists of carrion and of eggs and young penguins, and it plays 
great havoc among the penguin rookeries, It has a habit of 
gorging itself to repletion until it is almost unable to fly. The 
giant petrel varies much in colour, ranging from very dark brown 
to pure white. It builds a large nest of stones and lays its eggs 
early in November. The average weight of the bird is about 8% Ibs. 


The Antarctic Skua (Megalestris antarctica) is one of the 
most aggressive of Antarctic birds, and during the breeding season 
of the peguins is to be seen continually hovering over the rookeries 
ready to swoop down on any unprotected egg or chick. They also 
eagerly devour offal and dead carcases. The nests are built of moss 
and lichens, generally on moss covered rocks, and the two eggs are 
laid early in December. 


Miscellaneous Sixpennies. 


COMMONSENSE CHRISTIANITY. 


An attempt to describe in simple words what 
Christianity as taught by Christ really is. 


PARGHMENT Covers, @o. Near; Postaag, ip. 


THE PLEASURES of Mr. BRIGGS, 
Described and Illustrated By John Leech, 
These famous drawings from Punch. 
PARCHMENT Covers, 6p. Nears Posraas, 10. 


a a a a a 


THE: BOTTLE, 
In Sixteen Plates. Designed and Etched by 
GEORGE CRUIKSHANK; 
A very daintily produced little edition of those 


famous etchings. 


ParcHMENT Covers, Gp. Near; PosTraag, 15. 


GOWANS & GRAY, Ltd, London & Glasgow 


/-6 779 


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